Bad Object 1.0: Television
In 1957, Elia Kazan's A Face in the Crowd (which ironically starred future American TV icon Andy Griffith) articulated a sociological critique of the dangers of radio and television for mobilizing mass social movements based on a cult of personality. In this scene, Griffith, a popular TV personality, advises a conservative politician to reform his personality and public persona to appeal to the lowest of the low: the uneducated simpletons who watch TV. The mise en abyme structure of A Face in the Crowd allows the filmmakers to present a devastating critique of TV and its "live" audiences, in contrast with the presumed intelligence and sophistication of the asynchronous and distributed theatrical film audiences.
John Frankenheimer's Death Race 2000 (1975) also focused on audience complicity in the production of a hyperviolent spectator sport in which street race drivers score points for running over civilians in a day-long, televised extravaganza. Going far beyond Kazan's depiction of TV viewers as bumpkins, Frankenheimer portrayed audiences for the Death Race spectacle as bloodthirsty mobs, mindlessly cheering for the violent deaths of civilians and race contestants alike.
The following year, Sydney Lumet's Network (1976) shifted the focus of the film's critique from audiences to the potential for abuse of power by media corporations. Paddy Chayevski's script presented a cinematic rant against television that allowed the Hollywood film industry to ventriloquize a critique that could just as easily be directed at the corporate conglomeration of the film industry that was already under way in the late 1970s. This scene cleverly distinguishes between "live" TV audiences and remote ones, but like A Face in the Crowd two decades earlier, a sharp distinction between cinematic and televisual audiences is strictly maintained.
Hal Ashby's Being There (1979) returned to the critique of television viewers as illiterate morons who mindlessly imitate what they see on screen and the vacuity of an American political system that is pathologically averse to substance. Among Hollywood film's most devastating critiques of television is the character played by Peter Sellars in Being There. As an illiterate moron, Chance the Gardner is barely able to function in society except by watching and imitating the actions of characters on TV. In the courseof the film's mean-spirited critique of television and the American political system, Gardner also proves to be an ideal candidate for elected office.