Bibliography and Further Reading
Primary Sources
Below are citations for the primary source documents that are featured on each page of the Timeline.Frances Willard and the "Race Problem"
- “The Race Problem: Miss Willard on the Political Puzzle of the South.” The New York Voice, Oct. 23, 1890.
Frances Harper and Black Women in the WCTU
- Harper, Frances. "Work Among the Colored People of the North." The Union Signal, May 28, 1885.
Ida B. Wells, Temperance, and "Race Progress"
- Wells, Ida B. "Symposium--Temperance." AME Church Review 7, no. 4 (April 1891). Courtesy of the Ohio History Connection.
Ida B. Wells and "Lynch-Law"
- Wells, Ida B. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. The New York Age Print, 1892. Full text available courtesy Project Gutenberg.
The WCTU and Lynching, 1893
- Duster, Alfreda, ed. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
- Minutes of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union at the Twentieth Annual Meeting. Chicago: Woman's Temperance Publishing Association, 1893.
Ida B. Wells Abroad
- Duster, ed. Crusade for Justice.
Willard and Somerset Respond
Other Responses
Lynching, the "Color Line," and the WCTU Convention, 1894
Pressure Mounts
The WCTU and Lynching, 1895
Postscript: Ida B. Wells
Postscript: Frances Harper and Black Women in the WCTU
Postscript: Frances Willard
Bibliography
In addition to the unpublished primary sources, and the many published autobiographical and biographical sources on both Willard and Wells, here are some of the additional resources we have found most illuminating for this work:Blight, David. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (2001).
Dudden, Faye. Fighting Chance: The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America (2011).
Feimster, Crystal. Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching (2009)
Giddings, Paula. Ida: A Sword Among Lions (2008).
Giddings, Paula. When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (1984).
Green, Elna. Southern Strategies: Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question (1997).
Materson, Lisa. For the Freedom of Her Race: Black Women and Electoral Politics in Illinois, 1877-1932 (2009).
Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn. African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920 (1998).
Ware, Vron. Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism, and History (1992).