This page was created by Yonglong Ren.
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The text is written in an early form of Arabic script, which could be Kufic, characterized by its angular and elongated letterforms. The manuscript has been crafted with a high level of skill, denoted by the uniformity of the text and the use of diacritical marks to indicate vowel sounds. The parchment shows signs of age and the calligraphy is enhanced with gold, which suggests that this manuscript was a valuable item. The presence of decorative motifs and the application of gold indicate that it may date from a period when such embellishments were popular, which could be anywhere from the 8th to the 10th century.