This page was created by Yonglong Ren. The last update was by Yagnaseni Datta.
How was this page made?
Yonglong (Ethan) Ren, Class of 2026, College of the Holy Cross
Materials
Early manuscripts of the Qur'an were primarily written on parchment made from animal skin. However, by the 9th century, paper, introduced to the Islamic world from China, became more common and less expensive. The paper also allowed for easier writing and could accommodate more text.Scribes used ink made from soot or gallnuts mixed with gum and water. The ink needed to be durable and clear for the sacred text to be easily readable and preserved. Colored pigments, made from minerals and plants, were used for decoration.
Preparation of the Writing Surface
If parchment was used, it had to be carefully prepared. This process involved cleaning, stretching, and drying the animal skins, then smoothening them to create a suitable writing surface.The paper was treated with a sizing agent made from starch or gelatin to reduce its absorbency and ensure that the ink sat on the surface, making the writing crisp and preventing smudging.
Calligraphy
The 9th century saw the development and standardization of Arabic calligraphy, with scripts like Kufic becoming prominent. Its angular, linear shapes characterized Kufic and was widely used in early Qur'an manuscripts.Expert calligraphers, who were deeply respected for their skill and piety, undertook the writing of the Quran. They used reed pens, which offered precision and flexibility in forming the Arabic letters. The scribe would carefully copy the text, ensuring each letter and diacritical mark was accurately rendered.
Illumination and Decoration
Manuscripts were often illuminated with gold and colors, especially for headings, verse markers, and marginal decorations. This not only beautified the manuscript but also helped in navigating the text.Marginal notes and symbols were added to assist with recitation and interpretation. These could indicate verse endings, sections, or other reading aids.