This page was created by Yonglong Ren.
How was this page made?
Materials
Early Quran manuscripts were primarily written on parchment made from animal skins. However, by the 9th century, paper, which was introduced to the Islamic world from China, became more common due to its lower cost and greater availability. Paper also allowed for easier writing and could accommodate more text.
Scribes used ink made from soot or gallnuts mixed with gum and water. The ink needed to be durable and clear for the sacred text to be easily readable and preserved. Colored pigments, made from minerals and plants, were used for decoration.
Preparation of the Writing Surface
If parchment was used, it had to be carefully prepared. This process involved cleaning, stretching, and drying the animal skins, then smoothing them to create a suitable writing surface.
Paper was treated with a sizing agent made from starch or gelatin to reduce its absorbency and ensure that the ink sat on the surface, making the writing crisp and preventing smudging.
Calligraphy
The 9th century saw the development and standardization of Arabic calligraphy, with scripts like Kufic becoming prominent. Kufic was characterized by its angular, linear shapes and was widely used in early Quran manuscripts.
Expert calligraphers, who were deeply respected for their skill and piety, undertook the writing of the Quran. They used reed pens, which offered precision and flexibility in forming the Arabic letters. The scribe would carefully copy the text, ensuring each letter and diacritical mark was accurately rendered.
Illumination and Decoration
Manuscripts were often illuminated with gold and colors, especially for headings, verse markers, and marginal decorations. This not only beautified the manuscript but also helped in navigating the text.
To assist with recitation and interpretation, marginal notes and symbols were added. These could indicate verse endings, sections, or other reading aids.
Binding
- Once the pages were completed, they were gathered, ordered, and bound together. Early bindings were simple, but they became more elaborate over time, with covers made of leather or wood, sometimes decorated with embossing, painting, or inlays.