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Reading Nature, Observing Science: Examining Material Practices in the Lick Observatory Archives and Kenneth S. Norris Papers Main Menu Introduction to the Lick Observatory Archives The Lick Observatory: Imaging the Cosmos The Lick Observatory: Eclipse Expeditions Eclipse Intro page (first in a path) Introduction to Kenneth S. Norris Papers Kenneth S. Norris Papers: Natural History in Practice Kenneth S. Norris Papers: Pedagogy and Conservation Connections: In Relation to Nature These images demonstrate the different constructions of nature in the two archives Connections: Materials of Observation Visualization of the Connections Visualizes the connections between all the content Reading Nature, Observing Science Captions and information for the cases of objects on display at UCSC Special Collections

Workers making thatching for the instrument shelters, Flint Island, 1908.

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Case 4: Eclipse Expeditions in Context Alex Moore The photographs and prints gathered in this case pertain to the eclipse expedition program that the Lick astronomers undertook between 1889 and 1932. For the majority of these journeys, the astronomers used a 40ft portable camera designed by J. M. Schaeberle. The images displayed here foreground three themes suggested by the archive: understanding the sun, onsite labour, and the importance of framing.
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Map of Eclipse Expedition Sites Alex Moore
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Onsite labor At each site, months of labor--from the unloading of cargo and washing of dishes to the construction of the Schaeberle instrument and its precisely timed manipulation--went into capturing images of events that last only minutes.

These images in the archive document the multiple roles of women at the eclipse sites. The women were the wives of astronomers (including Elizabeth Campbell, who accompanied every expedition that her husband led), local missionaries, and female laborers hired onsite. They took care of not only the domestic side of the expedition but also actively participated in the construction of shelters and the operation of equipment.

The archive also documents the involvement of Indigenous Australians at Wallal and plantation workers at Flint Island. It is unclear how much these individuals were paid for their time or how their services were secured, but it is clear that the expeditions relied upon the workers' skill with local materials.

What did the locals think of the Americans and their scientific equipment temporarily installed in their community? Through the published reports of the astronomers, we know that in Chile James Schaeberle allowed local people to come look through the telescopic camera on the nights before the eclipse while in Indonesia the locals were interested but kept at bay by a police guard. Unfortunately, though the archives provide the perspectives of the astronomers and Mrs Campbell, they provide little direct insight into the experience of the locals in any of these locations.