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• 1 2019-02-13T16:04:31-08:00 View of the Monument Erected by the Emperor Titus Commemorating His Restoration of the Aqueducts of the Anio and Claudia 20 Veduta del Monumento eretto dall’Imperadore Tito Vespasiano per aver ristaurati gl’ Aquedotti dell’Acque dell'Anione nuovo e Claudia essendovi scolpito in esso il nome, di Claudio, che lo edificò, e di Vespasiano che lo restaurò plain 2022-04-27T15:40:50-07:00 Title: Veduta del Monumento eretto dall’Imperadore Tito Vespasiano per aver ristaurati gl’Aquedotti dell’Acque dell'Aniene nuovo e Claudia essendovi scolpito in esso il nome, di Claudio, che lo edificò, e di Vespasiano che lo restaurò. Key: 1. Aquedotto di Sisto V. che conduce l’Acqua felice. 2. Forami fatti per introdurvi l’Aquedotto sopradetto 3. Porte di Aureliano, o siano di Arcadio, ed Onorio fabbricate sopra varie macerie che in quel tempo coprivano l’antico piano di Roma. 4. Via Labicana 5. Via Prenestina. Signature: Cavalier Piranesi F(ecit). Title: View of the Monument Erected by the Emperor Titus Vespasian Commemorating His Restoration of the Aqueducts of the Anio and Claudia, having been carved on the monument the name Claudio, who had built it, and Vespasian who had restored it. Key: 1. Aqueduct of Sixtus V that conducts the water of the Acqua Felice. 2. Channels built to introduce the water of the Aqueduct mentioned above 3. Gates of Aurelian, or of Arcadius, and Honorius built above various pieces of rock that at that time covered the ancient ground level of Rome 4. Via Labicana 5. Via Prenestina. Signature: Made by Cavalier Piranesi. Known as the Porta Maggiore or Porta Prenestina, this magnificent gate lies at the convergence of eight aqueducts and two ancient roads. In the full title of the image, Piranesi explains that this monument was erected by Titus Vespasian to commemorate the restoration of two aqueducts—the Anio [Aniene nuovo] and Claudia, which, along with the two ancient roads identified in the captions (the Via Labicana and Via Prenestina), can be seen in the close-up from his Topographical Map of the Roman Aqueducts in Antichità Romane below.
  Filling the height of the plate, but neatly contained by its margin, this gate resembles a triumphal arch that celebrates the control of nature rather than the dominance over people. Piranesi vividly renders the rusticated style of the monument’s travertine, using sharp relief to create seemingly undulating surfaces of stone. People peek out from a door, draw water from the fountain, and gesture beside and, it seems, in tandem with, the annotation that points to Via Prenestina.
  
  A complex intersection in antiquity, this site becomes in Piranesi’s rendition an intersection of different media. The text of the monument’s inscription, when joined with that of Piranesi’s caption, draws attention to the significance of inscription itself. In this image, the visual appearance of the heavily-shadowed and carefully rendered inscription reinforces an ambiguity that Renaissance antiquarians appreciated about inscriptions and that Johanna Drucker identifies in typography: the visual word, whether inscribed or printed, is both visual and verbal (Barkan 27; Drucker 1994, 4). If Piranesi’s vedute often ask to be experienced verbally and visually, the dramatic detail, lengthy inscription, and substantial caption in this word-image composite virtually make it an assault on its beholders’ interpretive methods. Piranesi’s Italian caption, which includes a long title and key, condenses the Latin inscription and highlights its materiality, noting of the monument that carved into it is the name of Claudius, who built it, and Vespasiano, who restored it (“… scolpito in esso il nome, di Claudio, che lo edificò, e di Vespasiano che lo restaurò”). As a piece of three-dimensional stone, the caption takes on illusionistic materiality, and Piranesi seems to reinscribe the construction and renovation of the aqueducts, arches, and gate into their natural setting. (JB)
  
  Piranesi’s captions are often embedded in the scenes his images depict: banderoles curl around and between pedestrians, a woman stands atop a stone slab, or a weary man rests on a weighty mass. Additionally, his renditions of inscriptions, especially his own fictive inscriptions in title pages or dedication pages, manipulate and transform the method of ancient epigraphy in order to call attention to the media of engraving and print (Minor 2015, 84-93). In one of his views of the Tomb of the Plautius family, where a skewed perspective obscures the tomb’s inscriptions, he questions the legibility of the ancient past despite the clarity of preserved inscriptions. In a different but not unrelated context, literary theorists have said that the inscription on glass in Victor Hugo’s poem “Écrit sur la vitre d’une fenêtre flamande” suggests that the meaning and significance of an inscription, or indeed any written text, cannot be assured (Culler 95). In this image, even with its magnificently legible inscription, Piranesi seems, though the content and appearance of his caption, to attend to the ways that inscriptions can call into question relationships between materiality and meaning (Bachner 4). Piranesi’s captions—engraved in copper but also inscribed into metal before being inked and printed—amplify such interrogations of media and historical interpretation. (JB)
  
  To see this image in the Vedute di Roma, volume 16 of Piranesi’s Opere, click here.