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• 1 media/Bilak image.jpg 2021-05-24T10:25:55-07:00 The Importance of Plantago in Medieval European Medicine 38 By Chris Jamali, Eryn Wilkinson, Swetha Sundaram, Osvaldo Sanchez Fernandez, and Fiza Zahra Baloch structured_gallery 2023-09-28T08:20:04-07:00 The historical study of Plantago in European Materia Medica has played a significant role in bioprospecting. Bioprospecting is defined as the search for materials including plants, animals, or other “commercially valuable” substances. The discovery of Plantago has set the stage for current bioprospecting inquiries because learning how tangible products from our environment may be used to treat individuals changed how medicine is viewed and even procured. Natural remedies retrieved directly from our surroundings are useful in treatment without the addition of complex strategies to process synthetic material in producing a desired result.
  
  In particular, antibiotic resistance has become a growing issue in medicine. Some infections are extremely difficult to treat with current drugs, and research on new antibiotics has not caught up to the number of resistant cases. Thus, the significance of looking at historical uses of Plantago is that herbal treatments may be a possible solution for cases of antibiotic-resistant infections. Historical studies of Plantago in European Materia Medica have focused on several species of Plantago for a range of medicinal treatments. By focusing future bioprospecting efforts on Plantago, a natural remedy for infections and injuries, the way we approach medicine may drastically change.
  
  The genus of Plantago is studied because of its long history and present use in herbal medicine. In Bernard of Gordon’s Lilium medicinae, various species of Plantago were used for different ailments such as: wounds, skins infections, general oral diseases, abscesses in the gums, burns, nail infections, nosebleeds, digestive complaints diarrhea, liver problems, ruptured cornea, respiratory conditions, committing blood, kidney stones, and blood in the urine. It was even called a cure-all by Pedanius Dioscorides and many others. The “Nine Herbs Charm'' in the Lacnunga calls Plantago the “mother of herbs.” There are 240 different species under the genus of Plantago but this project mainly focused on Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata as those are the two species that are particularly active in the literature.
  
  Current scholarship focusing on Lilium medicinae has discovered the medicinal Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata, and some of the earliest herbal collections also focused on Plantago major and Plantago minor (later was also called Plantago media, but is the species of Plantago lanceolata, which is different from the accepted species of Plantago media today). For instance, sources such as Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica (50-70 CE), Leonhart Fuchs’ De Historia Stirpium, 1542), and later translations and commentaries of De Materia Medica all refer to Plantago major and Plantago minor. Other anecdotal references mention the Plantago species as a whole or by common names, such as waybroad and hoary plantain.
  
  However, further research should be performed on the other species of Plantago. Since the two main species are highly useful in treating a variety of injuries and illnesses, the accepted species Plantago media may also have medicinal uses according to this recent research, more studies should be done to examine the medicinal properties of the remaining species under the genus of Plantago. Future research could also investigate the best method of extracting aucubin from Plantago leaves, as it is the main active compound in Plantago for its antibiotic activity. Additional testing can also be conducted on the Plantago species in combination with modern treatments as a potential solution for antibiotic resistance to increase effectiveness against novel illnesses.

  WORKS CITED

  Connelly, Erin. 2018. “A Case Study of Plantago in the Treatment of Infected Wounds in the Middle English Translation of Bernard of Gordon’s Lilium medicinae.” New Approaches to Disease, Disability and Medicine in Medieval Europe, 126-140. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology.
  Dioscorides, Pedanius. 1555. De Materia Medica. Translated by Andrés de Laguna. From World Digital Library: https://www.wdl.org/en/item/10632/.
  Fierascu, R. C., Fierascu, I., Ortan, A., & Paunescu, A. (2021). Plantago media L.-Explored and Potential Applications of an Underutilized Plant. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 10(2) :, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020265
  Fuchs, Leonhart. 1542. “De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes: Maximis Impensis Et Uigiliis Elaborati, Adiectis Earundem Uiuis Plusquam Quingentis....” University of Cambridge Digital Library. Accessed June 1, 2021. https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-SEL-00002-00081/347.
• 1 2021-05-26T08:48:37-07:00 Plantago pyrophila vs. Plantago minor 31 by Fiza Zahra Baloch plain 2021-06-29T13:39:25-07:00

  The image is a specimen of Plantago pyrophila, collected by J. R. I. Wood, D. Villarroel, and P. Pozo from East Bolivia on October 24, 2007, and was provided to Kew Garden in the UK. This Plantago species is native to East Bolivia and appears in scenarios of post-burning. Thus, its flowering is most likely to be stimulated by fire. This particular Plantago species is distinguished by its red “wool” in the leaf axils and its tufted habit as well as its tuberous roots. This species is the only Plantago species from this cerrado biome, which makes it distinct amongst the total 240 Plantago species. The Cerrado is a tropical savanna located in East Bolivia where the Plantago pyrophila is the only species of its genus able to survive the frequent grassland fires.

  Images of Plantago pyrophila are not found in other primary sources, however because this species physically looks similar to Plantago minor (also identified as Plantago lanceolata) in Leonhart Fuch’s illustration, we can see some similarities and differences between the two. Plantago minor and Plantago pyrophila differ in the leaves. Plantago minor has elliptic and thick leaves. Plantago pyrophila has a more oblong shape. Both species however are covered with wooly hairs. Plantago minor was used to treat “ulcers, malignancies, discharges of blood, and more,” which we can note Plantago pyrophila to perhaps have similar functions as they have similar morphologies.

  Possible reasons that make the differences in representations and depictions between Plantago pyrophila and Plantago minor depend on the locations where the species was found. For example, Plantago pyrophila is found native in Bolivia whereas Plantago minor is native to Europe and North America— rendering each to be found on completely different continents. As a result, the collectors of each Plantago species have their own customs of recording data and gathering the plant for identification and classification purposes.

  WORKS CITED

  Fuchs, Leonhart. 1542. De historia stirpium commentarii insignes. University of Cambridge Digital Library. Accessed June 1, 2021. https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-SEL-00002-00081/347.
  “Plantago pyrophila Villarroel & J.R.I.Wood: Plants of the World Online: Kew Science.” Plants of the World Online. Accessed June 3, 2021. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77115443-1.