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• 1 2021-11-03T13:51:10-07:00 When was this made? 23 plain 2022-06-13T11:34:47-07:00 By Grace P. Morrissey '22

  The Worcester Art Museum's Figural Islamic Bowl is dated from the thirteenth century, between 1200-1299. This date is significant because it overlaps with the Golden Age of Persian (modern day Iraq and Iran) lusterware production, from 1195 to the Mongol invasions of 1223.

  Lusterware production has a long history of production, beginning in the 8th century when Egyptian Islamic craftsmen attempted to apply the metallic pigment to glasswares. However application on glass was aesthetically unsuccessful with the luster paint leaving dark stains on the glass surface, as opposed to shimmering lustrous designs.It is not until the 9th century, that we see luster painted ceramics being produced by Mesopotamian potters under the Abbasid Caliphate (719-258). The Abbasid Caliphate is the second caliphate of successors to rule after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam. It is important to situate lustreware production within the cultural context of Islam, as traditionally "minor" or decorative arts were held in high esteem in Islamic art. Islamic artisans were known to transform humble everyday objects into captivating works of art, through their use of elegant forms and richly patterned surfaces. The development of lustreware's shimmering surface quality is considered to be one of the greatest inventions ever made by Islamic potters. Persian lusterware from the late 12th and early 13th centuries is considered the pinnacle of lusterware production in terms of aesthetic design, new ceramic forms, material quality, and development of technique. Under the Persian Seljuks - Turkish nomads from Central Asia, and the Il-Khanids - members of the Mongol empire, lusterware ceramic production was taken to new heights. Persian wares drew on previous Egyptian Fatimid examples, but developed new shapes and decorative techniques. Lusterware has since traveled from its point of origin in Basra in Southern Iraq, to Iran, Egypt, North Africa, and Spain. It was later adopted by European and American ceramicists, and lusterware ceramics are still produced today. 

  Over the course of its production the aesthetics and designs associated with lusterware have developed as the practice has moved from region to region. The earliest Abbasid luster ceramics were intricately decorated in polychrome, with up to three or four colors at a time. However this early mixing of luster designs, ranging in color from deep-red to yellow-brown, resulted in congested vegetal patterns and visually overwhelming compositions. Thus, by the 10th century, artisans began producing monochrome luster which allowed for greater clarity of design. Artisans also began experimenting with different aesthetic decorative motifs, incorporating new figuration in the form of animals, birds, peacock eyes, and human figures with traditional geometric and floral patterns. Despite lusterware ceramics being an Islamic art form, figuration was permitted on these dishes and bowls due to their use in secular, royal contexts.

  However, shifts in color and patterning were not the only developments in lusterware aesthetics, as design compositions, scale, and ceramic shapes also evolved considerably. Lusterware production in the early 12th century under the Egyptian Fatimids was characterized by a new more naturalistic style. After the destruction of the Arab Nasrid Dynasty by Christian rulers, potters in Málaga - Spain's first important luster production site - produced elaborate works with European Gothic motifs. Under the Persian Seljuks, the potters of Kashan developed a new ceramic body made of ground quartz, white clay, and potash. This enabled the production of thin-walled vessels that could be sculpted into a variety shapes and sizes, with a range of elegant profiles. These Persian ceramics were then decorated in the early "Monumental style," characterized by its clear reserve coloring and large scale figures, or the "Miniature style" which dates from the last quarter of the twelfth century. The Kashan "Miniature" style is derived from manuscript illumination techniques and the intricate decorative techniques of mina'i enamelware pottery. Miniature style lusterwares retained the rendering of figures in reserve, seen in the Monumental style, but the brushwork was more rapid and freeform and rendered on a much smaller scale. The last aesthetic style of the Seljuk potters, known as the "Kashan" style, developed in the final years of the 12th century and soon became the dominant style of luster painting. There is even a recorded master of the Kashan style, Abu Zaid, who's signed works still survive in both the Kashan and miniature styles. The Kashan style is an amalgamation of the Monumental and Miniature styles, and is known for its elaborate compositions painted onto both the interior and exterior of flare-side bowls. Kashan decorative schemes - often depicting rulers seated in centrally located roundels - are rendered in clear reserve coloring with moderately scaled figures, however they also incorporate detailed tendrils and tiny scratched scrollwork into its designs. The Worcester Art Museum's Figural Bowl is an example of luster done in the Kashan style, as  exemplified by the hybridity of its patterning and use of line, and straight flaring sides.  

  Around the year 1220, lusterware manufacture in Kashan began to decline with the invasion of the Mongols into Western Iran, and the retirement of Kashan's two preeminent potters. Production of lusterware never returned to the quality and quantity achieved during the Persian Golden Age. However, despite the closing of Kashan's kilns, the technique of lustreware has not been lost and its earliest examples have remained highly sought after by both museums and private collectors.

• 1 2021-11-03T13:51:32-07:00 Why was this made, and how was it used? 20 plain 2022-06-14T08:42:25-07:00 By Grace P. Morrissey '22
  
   
  Lusterware ceramics, like this Figural Islamic Bowl, were first created in response to Islamic potters' contact with Chinese porcelains. During the 9th and early 10th centuries, Abbasid rulers imported highly valuable Tang Dynasty porcelains from across the Indian Ocean and up the Persian Gulf. The Abbasid court deeply admired the beauty and exoticism of these Chinese wares, and as a result of these cross-cultural transactions pottery objects became accepted as worthy of royal use for the first time in Islam. Islamic potters shared the court's affinity for Chinese porcelains, and were deeply impressed by the elegance, strength, and whiteness of these imports. As such, they sought to mimic the milky white surfaces, thin walls, elegant profiles and durability of Chinese ceramic white wares.
   
    
  Chinese ceramicists use clay with kaolin deposits which results in a fine, white consistency used in the production of porcelain. However the earthenware clay available to Islamic potters in Mesopotamia was not equipped to create ceramics of either Chinese color or consistency, due to a lack of kaolin deposits in the region’s soil. Thus Islamic potters had to experiment with earthenware and a variety of glazing techniques, in order to approach the white glaze and thin forms used by Chinese potters. Lusterware comes as a result of these experiments. Early Islamic potters realized that covering an earthenware ceramic with a lead and tin oxide glaze would create an opaque white surface, similar to those of Chinese ceramics. This white base was then painted with silver and copper metallic oxide glazes to create the monochrome on white aesthetic they were looking for. However firing these metallic oxides had the added benefit of creating a unique shimmer and iridescence on the ceramic's surface.
  
  From the beginning, lusterware were created as luxury ceramics and were intended for use in Islamic royal courts. Due to the complex nature of the lusterware firing and glazing process, these ceramics were incredibly expensive and were not widely produced. Thus, only members of the wealthy court classes could afford to purchase and use them as dinnerware. However these ceramics’ aesthetics also reflected their luxury use as feast ware. Abbasid luster ceramics, created for the royal courts at Baghdad and Samarra, were decorated to reflect the power and prestige of the caliph. Decorative motifs frequently included rulers feasting, royals being entertained, righteous battles, animals associated with good luck, and auspicious inscriptions bestowing blessings on the caliph.
  Later lusterware was also created for the Persian Seljuk and Il-Khanid courts, however by this time an emerging wealthy middle-class also coveted the deluxe dinnerware, and images of courtiers enthroned, feasting, and hunting like royals, became prevalent. Lusterware ceramic's shimmering surfaces, emblazoned with symbols of courtly wealth and success would have adorned the banquet tables of rulers. These ceramics served both a practical role storing and serving food, but they also served as symbols of wealth and prestige. Set alongside opulent vessels of gold and silver, royals feasting from lustreware bowls and plates would've felt as though they were eating off the rays of the sun.
  
  The figural element included on this bowl provides further evidence that this object was used in a secular feasting context, as figural depictions are not used in Islamic religious art.Further, the metallic quality of the lusterware visually mimics gold, which is significant because in Islamic religious practice Muslims are not supposed to eat off of golden ware. Thus, lusterware's ceramic materiality provided a loophole for luxury dinnerware.
  
  Due to their luxury status, expensive lusterwares were valued across cultures. Europeans in the Spanish courts of Saville, and later European crusaders, sought out and used lusterware items, despite their Islamic production and form.