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• 1 media/pionero dove.jpg 2019-09-17T07:07:50-07:00 Titles and Publications 58 Some of the most popular and groundbreaking outputs of and about comics in Cuba structured_gallery 2019-09-25T08:47:37-07:00

  While comics were officially sanctioned by the Castro government after the revolution, there were many publications that had already been serving Castro and the revolution before its victory.  Many important anti-Batista comic strips and weekly comics supplements were published in magazine titles such as Mella and Revolución. These titles allowed cartoonists to develop and improve their work to then move on to other pro-Castro magazines after the revolution. Titles like Palante, Pionero, Granma, and Juventud Rebelde became the comic cornerstones of the new government. Most of these titles did not only have comics, but also included features, activities, and puzzles that provided lessons on geography, anthropology, and politics. they dealt with the theme of independence, pre-Columbian life, science fiction, adventures and fantasies and educational themes.

  While comics were becoming more popular in the 1960s, it was the 1970s and 1980s where they truly became mainstream. Many of the most well-known titles opened in these two decades, only to be shuttered in the 1990s due to shortages in ink, paper, and other supplies. These shortages came about because of an economic downturn during that period and embargoes leveled at the country by the United States. The Período especial, the ‘Special Period” in Cuba was an economic crisis that began in 1991 primarily due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the commercial agreements it had with its allies. Publishers prioritized educational materials like textbooks eschewing what they considered secondary materials such as comics. This left few outlets for Cuban cartoonists.
   

   

  
  
  Palante, was first
  published in 1961 as a
  weekly humor magazine.
  Cuban humorous weekly. It is today the oldest of the satirical newspapers that are published in Cuba and throughout Latin America . Palante, whose first issue comes out on October 16, 1961. I mention this publication because it clearly illustrates the blow inflicted on Cuban political satire from that date. The name of the weekly is derived from the slogan then in vogue: “We are socialists, pa’lante y pa’lante[going forward].” The name alone demonstrates the publication’s political affiliation and commitment to the government in power, banishing in advance the intrinsic quality that had thus far characterized Cuban political satire, as an arm of popular sentiment against the abuses of the government in power. Ediciones en Colores, the publishing house of Palante, also launched 4 monthlies, ¡Aventuras!, Munequitos, Din Don, and fantasticos, many of which were allowed to contain some North American comic strips.
  
  El Pionero, Juan Padron
  Blanco's "Elpidio Valdes"
  was first published in
  Pionero in 1970. Founded 25 as November as 1961 , the Journal Pioneer, already in the year 2011 celebrates its fiftieth anniversary. Several generations have been formed by reading the pages of this magazine, in which they have found, along with entertainment, valuable knowledge and information about our homeland history , our heroes and martyrs as well as the anti-imperialist and internationalist traditions of our people . Many characters known to Cuban girls and boys such as Elpidio Valdés , Cecilín and Coti , among others, who have contributed to the knowledge of the History of Cuba, and the fight against crime and social indisciplines, were born in the pages of this publication. Pioneer has contributed to instilling in the younger generations the values ​​of socialism among which the love of country and the willingness to defend it even with one's own life, if necessary, stand out. He has shown the participation of our children in the tasks of the Revolution and the performance of the Pioneer Organization in its different stages; including relations with the pioneer organizations of the missing socialist countries.
  
  C-Línea, launched in 1973,
  was a journal dedicated to
  the study of comic art, the
  first attempt to do so.
  It only published 14 issues. -Lı´nea lasted until 1977, publishing only 14 issues (Mogno 2005: 231; Merino 2010: 98).11 The creators of C-Lı´nea, guided by Fidel Morales, had among their main goals the study and analysis of Latin American comics while, at the same time, promoting new authors. It was a very modest publication (similar to a fanzine), but it succeded in breaking down some missconceptions about comics, focusing on the formal and ideological possibilities of such mass media in Latin America. C-Lı´nea tried somewhat to bring prestige to comics and promote a national comics industry.
  
  Dedeté started as a bi-monthly
  humor magazine in February
  of 1979.  It was edited by cartoonist Migue (Miguelito). It included work by both established and novice cartoonists and won numerous international awards. It closed down
  November 1990.
  
  Zunzún, was first
  published in
  October 1980. Still published today. On October 10, 1980, just the day that commemorated the 112th anniversary of the start of our first War of Independence, Zunzun magazine, the name given to our colibri in Cuba, went out to the streets. It was intended for children aged 9-10. Zunzun had comic strips, stories, articles of information, but written not with the urgency of circumstantial journalism, but investigating thoroughly, summarizing and achieving a journalism that we call literary. As for the comic strips - by then we already had good comic strip cartoonists - they dealt with the theme of our wars of independence, pre-Columbian life, science fiction, adventures and fantasies and educational themes according to the campaigns we proposed. Although there was a director, editor, draftsmen and journalists, each Zunzun issue was planned by everyone; everyone brought their ideas, they were discussed and approved or not by the majority: we were a team in everything, because journalists suggested illustrations and the cartoonists commented with them their interpretations and nothing went to the printing press without everyone having seen what we were to send; and in the press we checked the revisions because something could have escaped and because we had to see what inks we could have for the paper not exactly optimal that we had: in this way the graphic workers were also part of our team.
  
  Bijirita, began as a quarterly
  Magazine in February 1985. While Zunzún was meant for older children and teens, Bijirita was meant for those aged 2-4 It was difficult to write because the articles had to be short and easy to understand regardless of the complexity of the topics. It was another victim of the economic downturn of the country and the blockades it was subjected to.
  
  El Muñe, was first
  published in 1985
  as a weekly tabloid. It was intended more for adults.
  
  Cómicos was first published 
  in December 1985, as a
  monthly comic book. It was intended more for adults.
  
  Mi Barrio, was first published
  September 1996 despite the
  paper shortages. It is supported
  economically by
  the Comite´s de Defensa
  de la Revolucio´n (CDR) and
  the Unio´n de Escritores y
  Artistas de Cuba (UNEAC)
  
  Pásalo 1972
  
  
  
  Mella One of the most important anti-Batista strips was Pucho y Sus Perrerías, by Marcos Behemaras and Virgilio Martínez Gaínza, published in the clandestine political magazine Mella (1953-65). After 1959, Mella and Revolución published comic strips and weekly comics supplements. The supplement was only produced for 24 isssues, ironically because people were buying Mella at that point only to read the supplement and threw the actual magzine away. But, as Ana Merino pointed out, nothing is said about the influence of Mad in Cuban comics during the 1960s in Mella, although a large part of Virgilio Martı´nez’s production in Mella is formally influenced by Mad (Merino 2003: 157).Virgilio Martı´nez took up the challenge of creating successful comics for Mella in Mad’s style, making parody and satire its hallmark. Martı´nez (pencils) and Marcos Behemaras (script) collaborated in Mella during the insurgency against Batista, when Mella operated as a clandestine magazine (1955–1958). They produced two long-running comics, ‘Pucho y sus perrerı´as’ and ‘Luis y sus amigos’, the former featuring a dog in a bitter mockery of the dictatorship and the latter focused on social issues, emphasizing the collectivity which would be problematized in the early 1960s with Che´ Guevara’s ideas about revolutionary consciousness. With the revolution in power, Martı´nez (1931–2008) and Behemaras (1926–1966) created some of the best comics ever produced in Cuba, most of them humour satires, such as ‘John Despiste investigador senatorial’ (figure 4) a mockery of US intelligence against communism; ‘¿Co´mo se fabrica un anticomunista?’ (‘How to create an anti-communist?’) about early education to US citizens against communist values (figure 5); parodies of US comics, like the long running ‘Supertin˜osa’, mocking ‘Superman’, starting in n. 165 (1 August, 1959); a version of Mandrake the Magician in which Lotario learns how to hypnotize and reverse the roles of master and servant, in n. 180 (20 September, 1960); a rather different Dick Tracy who does not see (or better does not want to see) multiple crimes comitted by KKK members in n. 178 (July 1960). Some comics also appeared signed by Virgilio alone, such as the controversial
  
  Zig Zag started in 1938, initially supported the revolution but ran afoul of the government.El Loquito becomes a regular in Zig-Zag, whose political satire comes into open contradiction with the revolution of 1959, resulting in its definitive closure on January 31, 1960. Dictators have never endured humor, let alone humorists. That is part of the history of the Cuban Weekly Zig Zag, which the old Cuban dictator will liquidate in 1960.
  
  La Picua
  
  Pablo It was intended more for adults.