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• 1 media/BoHR_53rVirginChild.jpg 2020-06-02T15:02:01-07:00 About the Project 27 plain 2020-10-09T13:54:31-07:00

  The USC Illuminated Manuscripts Project: A Polymathic, Multimedia-Rich Digital Initiative

  By Danielle Mihram and Melissa Miller

  
  1. Introduction
  
  The USC Libraries' collection of Illuminated Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts, Incunabula, and Rare books (at Doheny Memorial Library's Special Collections Department), includes 16 unique and invaluable illuminated medieval manuscripts, as well as 12 other medieval manuscripts, those with pen-flourished initials or borders and originating in Europe. A very large number of these manuscripts were acquired in the early-mid 20th century by the Hoose Library of Philosophy, and they are now located in our Special Collections Department. Nonetheless the existence, as well as the scope of these unique historical artifacts, has remained largely unknown by our USC community of scholars and students, as well as by researchers nationwide and worldwide.
  
  Compared to the holdings of other research institutions, the number of our illuminated manuscripts is relatively small. Yet, as is the case for USC Digital Voltaire [1], we have a second opportunity to use Scalar as our publishing platform in order to describe, situate, and showcase a particular collection held and maintained by our institution (See: USC Digital Voltaire) [2]. We can thus engage in our current and newly emerging modes of scholarly communication by enriching these manuscripts via a digital multi-modal critical edition. 
  
  Essentially, the use of a polymathic approach would give us the chance to explore the multiple interdisciplinary dimensions of these manuscripts, and it would include: the compilation of metadata; high-resolution images of our original manuscripts; an examination of the manuscripts as artifacts; and each manuscript's paleographic elements. Participation of polymaths as contributing authors is among many of our aims for this project.
  
  Our first phase (funded by a small USC Libraries' Dean's Challenge Grant [for FY 2019-2020] [3], was to focus on four of our medieval illuminated manuscripts, thereby establish best practices and a proof of concept:
  • Cicero, De officiis (15th century);
  • Giles of Rome, Liber sententiarum, cum duobus tabulis (13th century);
  • Petrus de Palude, Commentary upon Peter Lombard's Quatuorum libri sententiarum (15th century); and,
  • William of Ockham, Scriptum aureum inceptoris Willielmi Occham supra praedicabilia et praedicamenta, with the quodlibets of Walter Burley (14th century).
  
  The opening (in Fall 2019) of the USC Dornsife Center for Study of the Premodern World under the leadership of Jay Rubenstein constituted an additional fortuitous opportunity for us to spotlight our project's goals.
  
  2. Our Project's Goals [4]
  • To highlight our Special Collections' primary and secondary sources within a specific area, and to continue incorporating such resources into interdisciplinary research and curricular activities.
  • To conserve and preserve our manuscripts as artifacts by facilitating their access for a wider audience on campus, locally, and internationally, via our USC Digital Library's Collections
  • To build quality control into all phases of the project, from initial planning to final evaluation.
  • To build on our evolving best practices.
  • To make available a model of interdisciplinary collaboration, one that provides multiple levels of discovery so as to open new research perspectives both on Medieval Europe and on antiquity.
  • To develop strategic alliances by bringing together scholars and students from different fields of the humanities including (as a start) faculty and students in disciplines such as history, philosophy, religion, art history, music, classics, manuscript culture, and medieval literature, so as:
    • To reflect upon the role that the Medieval period historical sources can play in the contemporary humanistic and social sciences debates
    • Engage students in multiple literacies and evolving multi-modal forms of expression.
  Indeed, these goals are consonant with our USC Libraries’ Strategic Planning, November 2017, namely, two (among four) of its Vision statements:
  • To cultivate partnerships that complement our strengths, expand our reach, and apply our unique capabilities to support USC’s strategies and ambitions; and,
  • [To promulgate] an appreciation of scholarship, in all its forms, and of the libraries’ essential role in informing the scholarship of the future.
  And ourUSC Libraries' Strategic Planning's Theme 1:
  • Build more inclusive and sustainable, relationships with communities of teaching, learning, research, and practice. (Theme 1, Goal B)
  • Integrate Digital Library collections and processes more comprehensively with the work of USC faculty, students, and centers pursuing digital knowledge initiatives. (Theme 1 Goal B(b) )
  For a list of our project's team members, please go to:Project Developers.
  
  3. Manuscripts as Archaeological Artifacts
  
  With the advent of the Internet and the rapid international massive digitization of medieval manuscripts [5], [6], we can now access primary resources such as an ever-increasing number of both fully digitized manuscripts and online catalogs and guides. Postings in many institutions' blogs and in our social media environment include images from manuscripts (Miller, 2017). For the scholar, such massive digitization of hundreds of manuscripts allows for facile comparative studies of these works, in tandem with a much reduced need to travel world-wide to gather such information.
  
  Nonetheless, massive digitization of illuminated manuscripts does not allow for the forensic exploration of manuscripts and incunabula, seen as artifacts (Prescott and Hughes, 2018). Like archaeological artifacts, manuscripts should be explored more gradually, using a variety of technical aids and methods. As interdisciplinary scholarship advances and becomes more collaborative, we have found that the hard sciences have much to offer to manuscript studies, and they are more reliable for material identification than is visual analysis (traditionally, a primary identification method). The emphasis now is on the application of non-invasive and imaging methodologies such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, visible reflectance spectrophotometry, infrared reflectography, false color infrared and ultraviolet fluorescence digital photography, and video microscope acquisitions (Pelosi et al., 2017). This leads, in turn, to the fruitful dialogue and idea exchanges among the whole range of experts in different fields who are involved in the study and care of these irreplaceable testimonials of our cultural past (Ricardi, 2019).

  4. Discovering the Unseen: Two examples (among many)

  Hidden drawings

  Current polymathic research in manuscript analyses includes the discovery of details of production methods such as hidden drawings beneath painted surfaces, and, sometimes, evidence of origin and authenticity. Non-invasive methods such as IR [Infrared Reflectography] imaging allows for the virtual stripping back of layers of paint and for seeing things that have been covered for hundreds of years. Such a technique helps to detect any overpainting or “retouches” – and it also allows the visualization of any under-drawing or preparatory sketches that the artists might have done.

  Palimpsests

  The medieval practice of autumn livestock-butchering, to conserve fodder for the winter, is thought to have been the primary source of skins used in the production of books. The production of a complete Bible, for example, could require the skins of several hundred animals, thus making books a rare and expensive commodity. By re-cycling pages of books that were unused, incomprehensible, or perhaps banned, it was possible to scrape or wash off the old writing to achieve a new blank page. It is the outcome of this recycling process that we call a palimpsest (the “re-scratched” page); see the British Library’s blog post, Palimpsests: The Art of Medieval Recycling. If the recycling was done meticulously, special techniques are necessary to recover the erased text. Thanks to multispectral imaging technology, many of the seemingly unreadable undertexts can now be recovered.
  
  In our USC illuminated manuscript collection, a palimpsest can be found in the manuscript (written on vellum), Scriptum aureum inceptoris Willielmi Occham supra predicamenta et predicamenta Aristotelis, by William of Ockham’s (ca.1285 - ca.1349); Burlaeus Gualterus (1275-1345?). USC Libraries Call Number Z105.5 .O35 13-- .
  
  One excellent example of a comprehensive research project relating to palimpsests is The Jubilees Palimpsest Project, founded and directed by Todd Hanneken at St. Mary’s University in San Antonio.
  
  Over the past 4 or 5 years, there have been an increasing number and a variety of research papers reporting on the results of scientific analyses of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts (including the detection of forgeries). The role of analytical methods (e.g., advanced image technologies, fluorescence microscopy, and analytical algorithms) as indispensable tools for the comprehensive study of manuscripts is no longer in question (See: Clark, 2001); Ricardi, 2019).
  
  An exemplar of this area of digital multidisciplinary research is Cambridge University’s “MINIARE; - Manuscript Illumination: Non-Invasive Analysis, Research and Expertise.” This project, launched in 2012, is an interdisciplinary initiative, using a combination of advanced scientific methods, together with cutting edge scientific protocol and digital technology, for the study of illuminated manuscripts.

  MINIARE’s scientific objectives are to inform studies of the artistic, cultural, political, social, and economic environments in which the manuscripts were created, taking into account trade routes, social and international mobility, intellectual and technological developments. 
  
  See also the very detailed Catalogue Raisonnẻ of the Fitzwilliam Museum (Cambridge) and, the companion Video (6.55 mins) - Secret histories of illuminated manuscripts: the MINIARE project.

  
  5. Our Project’s Strategic Approach

  Because Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts require a complexity of analysis, our strategic approach to the digitization of each manuscript is as follows:

  (a) Identify its particularities/idiosyncrasies such as (and to name just a few): Original binding, parchment or vellum, gold and gold leaf, brilliant colors and composition of the illustrations, the mise-en-page (the French expression meaning ‘putting-on-the-page&rsqu;: i.e., the layout of the page, including text and images), the ductus (the specific handwriting of the scribe) and scribal practices, and provenance.
  
  (b) Determine the pertinent digitization tools that will allow for a multifaceted and reflective understanding of the artifact: the constantly expanding toolbox of digital technologies now allows the exploration of manuscripts, early printed books, and rare books not only as historical and cultural documents, but also as richly produced artifacts and works of art featuring representative craftsmanship of the period in which they were designed and created.
  
  (c) Choose advanced imaging techniques including 3-D, RTI (Reflectance Transformation Imaging), hyperspectral and multispectral imaging. It is now possible to create specialized images such as those captured by raking light from angles other than a camera held directly above a flattened leaf. Like archaeological artifacts, manuscripts can be explored gradually using technological tools to gradually “excavate” the complex layers that make up each manuscript, so as to build a multifaceted digital archive of the manuscript.

  6. Medieval Manuscripts
  
  One of the earliest surviving examples of manuscripts of the Western world date from late antiquity. The Herculaneum Papyri (more than 1.000 papyrus scrolls, uncovered at Herculaneum, now stored at the National Museum in Naples, Italy), constitute the only extensive library of texts to survive from the classical world. According to scholarly research, the philosopher and poet, Philodemus of Gadara (ca.110 - ca. 30 BCE), wrote most of these works [7].
  
  Most of the surviving examples of manuscripts of the Western world date between the third and eight centuries (Brown, 1971). They were made during a period that ranges between the late Roman Empire and the high Renaissance. Before the year 1200, medieval manuscripts were made in monasteries by monks and sometimes nuns, who were scribes and artists working “in the service of God.” After 1200, and with the rise of towns, manuscript production moved to city centers (Paris, Oxford, Florence) and scribes, artists, binders, and publishers belonged to guilds; they were paid for their works. Though Latin (the common language of the Church and of higher learning) is the language we find most often in medieval manuscripts, we can find medieval manuscripts containing histories, treatises, poetry, and devotional writings, written in native vernaculars: medieval French, English, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish.
  
  The great majority of early books in the Western world are of religious content so that most manuscript leaves and books surviving today are Bibles, Books of Hours, Antiphonals, Missals, and Breviaries, as well as Latin writings from before the common era (BCE). Generally, these works are attributed by the style of the script and rubrication [8], which are quite unique to their time and place of origin, and they can readily be so recognized. Thus, surviving works can be attributed with authority both to a correct city or region, and to their period within a date range of a generation or so.
  
  Among these early books, the many surviving Books of Hours constitute one of the most significant groups of cultural artifacts from the late Middle Ages and Renaissance (mid-13th to mid-16th centuries). By reading these texts and looking at their illustrations, we can learn a great deal about this period. Prayers centered around the cult of the Virgin Mary are examples of great literary expressions of core human emotions, while the frequency of invocations to Saints Sebastian, Apollonia, and Margaret inform us about “the chronic problem of plague, the annoyance of toothache, and the dangers of childbirth.” (Pierce, 1997)
  
  7. Scope of the Medieval Manuscripts in Our USC Collection
  
  The acquisition of books by our Hoose Library of Philosophy began in the early 1900s with James Harmon Hoose (1835-1915). He joined USC’s College of Librarl Arts in Fall of 1896. At that time there were fourteen members of the faculty, with ninety students in the College, and he soon was recognized as an educational force in Southern California (Knoles, 1915-1916).
  
  When Ralph Tyler Flewelling (1871-1960) came to USC, in the Fall of 1917, and became Head of the Department of Philosophy, the budget for the acquisition of books for the library was quite meager, and Flewelling began a successful fund-raising campaign which led to the acquisition of a significant number of the rare books and invaluable manuscripts (Nethery, 1076; and Werkmeister, 1962) which are now in our Special Collections Department.
  
  Every manuscript in our collection of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts is unique, and the collection is quite diverse, including both religious and secular manuscripts, dating from the 13th-15th centuries, For example, and to name just a few, the collection includes:

  • A leaf from a Breviary, with Latin text and music notation (Catholic Church, 1201-1300?) for use by the nuns in the Church of St. Pierre at Langres, France, and, more specifically, for Vespers for the fourth Sunday of Lent;
  • Two Books of Hours, one from Bruges (Catholic Church, between 1460 and 1470) [9] and one from Louvain and/or Ghent (Catholic Church, between 1445 and 1460) [10]; and,
  • A commentary by Petrus de Palude (Petrus de Palude, 1480) that belonged to Federigo de Montefeltro (1422-1482), Duke of Urbino, gonfalonier of the Holy Roman Church, a patron of the arts and civil leader in Renaissance Italy [11]. This book includes an illuminated frame for its frontispiece, with Montefeltro’s coat of arms showing (in the center) the insignia of the gonfaloniership of the Holy Roman Church, granted to him in 1465 when Pius II became Pope. In the 18th century Federico’s huge collection of books and illuminated manuscripts was transferred to the Vatican Museums. That this manuscript is now part of our Special Collections is quite significant.
  8. Our Modified Course of Action
  
  In Fall 2019, we found that the four illuminated manuscripts that we originally selected for digitization proved to be problematic. For example, the Petrus de Palude manuscript is oversized (measuring 367 x 255 mm; bound 380 x 265 mm), and consists of 740 (hand-numbered) folios (= 1,480 digitized pages). In addition, the four manuscripts would need to be placed in a waiting queue, in view of the very high number of digitization projects undertaken by our USC Digital Library. Consequently, the anticipated date for the completion of the digitization of our selected manuscripts would be, at the very earliest, March 2021. In addition, the cost of digitizing such manuscripts is significant. We are currently exploring external funding for the digitization of our illuminated manuscripts collection.
  
  Because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent closing of our Libraries, access to our Libraries and our selected manuscripts has come to a halt, and we will need to await our institution’s decision to allow the comprehensive in-person return to campus.
  
  Our modified course of action (as of early Spring 2020) has been:
  
  (a)To select three manuscripts that had been digitized prior to 2019: Two Books of Hours [13] (purchased in 2014), and a Breviary Leaf [14], In addition, we are using photographs (that we took in Fall 2019) of the first page and also of the book binding (and clasp) of one of our initially selected manuscript, Cicero, De Ofiiciis (from the Hoose Collection), a manuscript frequently used by USC Professor Fred Clark in his courses [15].
  (b)In July 2020, Micaela Rodgers’s primary role transitioned from our project’s Scalar designer and copy-editor [16] to third project research member. In addition to contributing her own research work for our Scalar project, Micaela will continue small scale Scalar editing and uploading. Curtis Fletcher and his team (Ahmanson Lab) will take care of complex tasks such as batch importing media files, inserting videos into landing pages, or adding custom code for specialized designs.
  
  9. Status of the Publication (in Scalar) of our Manuscripts
  
  In view of the completely restricted access to the manuscripts in our Special Collections Department, we cannot now examine and “study” any of the original artifacts. Only four manuscripts are currently published and available for view here, on our Scalar platform: Book of Hours, Use of Netherlands; Book of Hours, Use of Rome/Northern France; Cicero, De officiis; and Currus pharaonis et exercitum eius proiecit in mare Adiutor... (breviary leaf).
  
  We continue to work eagerly “behind the scenes” by contributing and updating our research on the remaining manuscripts awaiting publication. This project is thus a “work in progress” and updates will regularly appear on our Project’s website.
  
  10. To Cite this Project, a Module, or a Specific Page
  
  The research and uploading of multi-modal materials in this Scalar publication is achieved with the close collaboration of this Project’s team members: Danielle Mihram, Melissa Miller, and Micaela Rodgers. Because of our Project’s interdisciplinary features, and our anticipated collaborative polymathic authorial contributions from researchers, the basic unit of this project is the module. Each manuscript is currently a module composed of several pages, and it includes: a description; text analyses of its contents; high-resolution images; an examination of the manuscript as an “artifact”; its paleographic elements; and a bibliography of secondary sources.
  
  Citing this project
  Mihram, Danielle and Melissa Miller, eds. USC Illuminated Manuscripts. 2020. https://scalar.usc.edu/works/usc-illuminated-medieval-manuscripts/index . Accessed [MONTH] [DATE], [YEAR].
  
  Citing a module
  “Book of Hours, Use of Rome, Northern France, (1460 - 1470),” edited by Danielle Mihram, Melissa Miller, and Micaela Rodgers. In
  USC Illuminated Manuscripts, eds. Danielle Mihram and Melissa Miller, 2020. https://scalar.usc.edu/works/usc-illuminated-medieval-manuscripts/book-of-hours-use-of-rome-northern-france-andor-bruges?path=browse-manuscripts. Accessed [MONTH] [DATE], [YEAR]. 
  
  Cicero, "De Officiis (14--)," edited by Danielle Mihram and Melissa Miller. In USC Illuminated Manuscripts, eds. Danielle Mihram and Melissa Miller. 2020. https://scalar.usc.edu/works/usc-illuminated-medieval-manuscripts/de-officiis?path=browse-manuscripts Accessed
   [MONTH] [DATE], [YEAR].
  
  Citing a specific page
  Clark, Fred. “Cicero's De Officiis: Text and Author.” In USC Illuminated Manuscripts, edited by Danielle Mihram and Melissa Miller. 2020.
  https://scalar.usc.edu/works/usc-illuminated-medieval-manuscripts/introduction-de-officiis?path=de-officiis . Accessed [MONTH] [DATE], [YEAR].
  
  Rodgers, Micaela. “Books of Hours - Introduction.” In USC Illuminated Manuscripts, edited by Danielle Mihram and Melissa Miller. 2020.
  https://scalar.usc.edu/works/usc-illuminated-medieval-manuscripts/books-of-hours?path=browse-manuscripts . Accessed [MONTH] [DATE], [YEAR].
  
  NOTES
  
  [1]  USC Digital Voltaire is a librarian-led digital multimodal polymathic edition of 31 original autograph letters and four poems written by Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet, 1694–1778) between the years 1742 and 1777. This project was created in 2017.
  
  [2]  In this context, our project is more like the online scholarly catalogs that various museums have quite recently begun to adopt, in particular since The Getty funded the development of the Online Scholarly Catalog Initiative (OSCI) toolkit, launched in 2009, and whose goals are: “to create models for online catalogues that will dramatically increase access to museum collections; make available new, interdisciplinary, up-to-date research; and revolutionize how this research is conducted, presented, and utilized.”
  
  [3]   The co-authors of our Dean’s Challenge Grant proposal (for FY 2019-2020) were: Danielle Mihram (Project Lead), Melissa Miller (Project Development), and Sabina Zonno (Project Research).  November 2019 marked the end of Sabina’s Visiting Postdoctoral Scholarship at the USC-Huntington Early Modern Studies Institute. In January 2020, Sabina joined the Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens in San Marino as a Kress Interpretive Fellow in Art History. Because of her work responsibilities at the Huntington Library, her participation (as a volunteer) on our Project was severely limited. In addition, the onslaught of the COVID-19 global pandemic led to her announcement that she could no longer “commit to any voluntary work”.  Her work as an independent scholar continues.
  
  [4]   Melissa Miller, Head of the Hoose Library of Philosophy, and Danielle Mihram, Digital Humanities Liaison, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences.
   
  [5]   See, for example, British Library “Online resources for medieval manuscripts,”
  “In November 2018, we launched The Polonsky Foundation England and France 800-1200 Project. This ground-breaking collaboration between the British Library and the Bibliothèque nationale de France digitised a total of 800 medieval manuscripts from our two collections. The British Library’s curated website, Medieval England and France, 700-1200   https://www.bl.uk/medieval-english-french-manuscripts  now includes its own downloadable list of all 400 British Library manuscripts that were featured in the project, in spreadsheet format and as a PDF. This list can be accessed from the website’s About Page."
   
  [6]   See also: British Library - Digitized manuscripts -
  “Use this website to view digitised copies of manuscripts and archives in the British Library’s collections, with descriptions of their contents.”
  
  [7] See “Philodemus,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
   
  [8]   Rubrication:  “A term derived from the words “A title,” “chapter heading,”  or instruction that is not strictly part of the text but which helps to identify its components. Red ink was often used to distinguish such elements, hence the term, which derives from the Latin for red, “rubrica.”
  British Library, “Glossaries,” Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts. 
  
  [9]   Among the former owners of this Book of Hours was James Boswell (1740-1795), the Scottish biographer of Samuel Johnson (1709-84). The book’s rare binding is of French blind-tooled leather over wooden boards, gilt and gauffered edges, signed I.A. Gontier on back cover.  Jacques Gontier was a late 15th century Belgian bookbinder (Wispelwey, 2011 – Part I, p. 445).
   
  [10]   Ghent, Flemish Gent, French Gand, is a city in Belgium’s northwestern Flanders Region. Along with Bruges, Ghent was one of the chief towns of the medieval county of Flanders. It owes its origin to the economic developments that occurred in Flanders in the 10th century, and the town sprang up on the banks of the Lys River at a spot under the protection of a nearby castle built by the counts of Flanders. Ghent grew rapidly in the 12th century, and by the 13th century it was one of the largest towns in northern Europe. Its prosperity was based on the manufacture of luxury cloths, made from English wool. These cloths were famous throughout Europe until the 15th century. The city’s wealth gave it great political power and virtual autonomy from its nominal rulers, the counts of Flanders, and (from 1384) the dukes of Burgundy.
  Source of this information:   https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghent 
  
  [11]   Urbino's Ducal Palace, or Palazzo Ducale, was the first ducal palace to be built in Italy. It was constructed in the 15th century by Duke Federico da Montefeltro. Duke Federico was a patron of the arts and he was dedicated to the study of literature and humanities. His huge collection of books and illuminated manuscripts were transferred to the Vatican Museums in the 18th century. Since 1912 the Palazzo Ducale has been the home to the National Gallery of the Marche, housing one of the world's most important collections of Renaissance paintings in 80 of the palace's renovated rooms. 
  
  [12]   “This ample work was written on very fine vellum, probably about 1480 in Italy. It formerly belonged to Federigo de Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (who died in 1482).  [His coat of arms,] showing the insignia of the gonfaloniership of the Holy Roman church which he held from 1465, are incorporated in an elaborately painted border of scrolls and flowers in various colors on the recto of the first folio—where there is also a large skillfully illuminated initial C. The text of the manuscript (which was bought from Dawson’s for $400) is a commentary on the fourth book only (!) of the Sentences of Peter Lombard, the principal textbook of university theology students during much of the later Middle Ages.” (Nethery, 1976, p. 157).
  
  [13]   Catholic Church. [Book of hours, use of Netherlands, Groot Begijnhof van Leuven and/or Ghent], between 1445 and 1460. (USC Libraries Call Number: Z105.5 1450 .C378)
  http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll58/id/48884/rec/1
  Catholic Church. [Book of hours, use of Rome, Northern France and/or Bruges], between 1460 and 1470.(USC Libraries Call Number: Z105.5 1460 .C378)
  http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll58/id/49243/rec/1 
  
  [14]   Currus pharaonis et exercitum eius proiecit in mare Adiutor... [Langres, France: s.n.], ca. 1201-1300. (USC Libraries Call Number: Z105.5 .C384 1300z)
  http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll58/id/506/rec/1 
  
  [15]   De Officiis, (15th century; USC Libraries Call Number: Z105.5 .C53 14--). See also: “USC's Cicero Digitalandum,” by Frederic Clark (USC Classics). Response by David Ulin (USC and LA Times) DecamerOnline , Day 4 - May 20,  2020. https://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/decameronline/day-four/ 
  
  [16]  Micaela Rodgers originally joined our Project in Summer 2019, as our Project’s information Specialist. Micaela is a recent UCLA MLIS graduate (June 2019), with a focus on Academic Librarianship, Rare Books, Print and Visual Culture). She earned a Masters of Philosophy (2017) at Trinity College Dublin, Republic of Ireland, and she was a Rare Book Intern at the Los Angeles Natural History Museum (2018-2019).

  REFERENCES

  Brown, Peter. Late Antiquity. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.
  
  Brown, Peter.  The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150-750. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.
  
  Catholic Church.  Currus pharaonis et exercitum eius proiecit in mare Adiutor (For use in the Church of St. Pierre at Langres, France).1201-1300?
  USC Libraries Call Number: Z105.5 .C384 1300z
  Digital Library Link
  
  Catholic Church. Book of hours, use of Rome, Northern France and/or Bruges (1460-1470).
  USC Libraries Call Number: Z105.5 1460 .C378,
  Digital Library Link
  
  Catholic Church. Book of hours, use of Netherlands, Groot Begijnhof van Leuven and/or Ghent (between 1445 and 1460). USC Libraries Call Number: Z105.5 1450 .C378
  Digital Library Link
  
  Chowdry, Anita et al. (n.d.). “Exploring Ultramarine - Notes from a two-day workshop on ultramarine,” Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. 
  
  Clark, Mark.  “The Analysis of Medieval European Manuscripts,” Studies in Conservation 46, no. 4 (2001): 3-17. This article’s bibliography (99 sources) reveals the multi-disciplinary aspects of this research.
  
  IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions). Guidelines for Planning the Digitization of Rare Book and Manuscript Collections. Written by the IFLA Rare Book and Special Collections Section. September 2014.
  
  Knoles, Tully C. “James Harmon Hoose, A.M., PH.D., LL.D. ,” Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California 10, no. 1/2 (1915-1916): 75-79. [Database: JSTOR]
  
  Mihram, Danielle and Curtis Fletcher. “USC Digital Voltaire : Centering Digital Humanities in the Traditions of Library and Archival Science,”  portal: Libraries and the Academy 19, no.1 (January 2019): 7-17. [Database: Project Muse]
  
  Miller, Robert. “Medieval illuminated manuscripts: Online images and resources,” College and Research Libraries News 78, no. 4 (June 2017): 334-338. 
  
  Pierce, Charles E.  “Preface,” in Wieck, Roger S. Painted Prayers – The Book of Hours in Medieval and Renaissance Art. New York: George Braziller, 1997, p. 7.
  
  Pelosi, Claudia, Claudio Falcucci, and Vincenzo Ardagna. “Investigation of a Medieval Illuminated Manuscript Through Non-invasive Techniques,” European Journal of Science and Theology 13, no. 2 (April 2017): 61-68.
  
  Petrus de Palude, In quartum librum Sententiarum Petri Lombardi (circa 1480). USC Libraries Call Number:   Z105.5 1480 .P48
  USC Libraries Link
  
  Prescott, Andrew and Lorna Hughes. “Why Do We Digitize? The Case for Slow Digitization,” Archive Journal (September 2018). (Open Access)
  
  Ricardi, Paola.  “Manuscripts in the Making: Art and Science,” Heritage Science 7, article no. 60  (2019). (Open Access)
  
  Werkmeister, W. H., ed. The Forest of Yggdrasill: The Autobiography of Ralph Tyler Flewelling. Los Angeles: University of Southern California Press, 1962.
  [In Norse mythology, Yggdrasill is the Great Ash Tree that symbolizes the universe.]
   
  Wispelwey, Berend, editor. Biographical Index of the Middle Ages. Berlin; Boston: K. G. Saur; 2011. See: Part I, A-I, p. 445.