Pen flourished and Rubricated Initials versus Printed Initials
Pen flourished initials are enlarged, generally occupying at least two or more lines in height, and created using both red and blue ink. They became common in the 13th century and are referred to as "lombards". These lombards are often combined with other types of pen flourishes, such as elongated lines on the left hand side of the letter itself.
Rubrications are the addition of letters, usually small and often in line with the text and in red ink, which were used to introduce a new section of a text, identify specific actions to be performed by celebrants in religious text, identify important feast days in liturgical calendars, or indicate how a scribe viewed the importance of different sections of text.