Agency, Voice, and the Evolution (AVE) of Women at Saint Mary’s, 1920-2023: Spring 2023

Literature in the Feminist Movements

Literature played a big role in first- and second-wave feminist movements. In The Feminine Mystique (1963), for example, Betty Friedan challenged the notion that women’s sole role was to manage the household. Friedan criticized the fact that “women had less access to the workplace due to internal and societal pressures to forsake their careers for marriage and a family” (Nally 282). Another important figure, Kate Millett, the author of Sexual Politics (1970), addressed the gendered power dynamics in literature, relationships, and society. Millett also developed a model of criticism regarding feminism and literature that was influential in subsequent decades.



Similar topics of discussion arose at Saint Mary’s College, as displayed by newspaper clippings from 1972 that echo ideas posed by the movement which was particularly influential given the all female population. An article titled "Young Women Torn Between Roles of Wife and Career," published in the South Bend Tribune on July 20, 1972, discusses the struggles that women faced in pursuing a career at that time. The article details that women often have to choose between being a wife and being a member of the workforce. Another article titled "Shapiro attacks the antifeminism in literature," published in The Observer on October 24, 1972, recounts a talk given at Saint Mary’s by Gloria Shapiro on October 23. Shapiro was an associate professor of English at Indiana University at South Bend who spoke on the topic of “Antifeminism in Literature: An Historical Perspective.” According to Maria Gallagher who wrote the article, in her public lecture, Shapiro pointed out that “a ‘gross absence of truth' exists today in contemporary fiction which portrays only ‘half of humanity.'" Throughout her speech, she confronted the inaccurate portrayal of women in literature by men -- a topic clearly of interest to a student body composed entirely of women.  

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