Reading Nature, Observing Science: Examining Material Practices in the Lick Observatory Archives and Kenneth S. Norris Papers

Andromeda Nebula, photographed by Edward Barnard, 1894.

Professor Edward Barnard produced a great deal of the Lick's early photographic images. He used the smaller Willard telescope, fitted with the type of lens typically used to make portraits, to create this image of the Andromeda Nebula. N.B.: This is now known as the Andromeda Galaxy. Astronomers did not yet understand the difference between nebulae and galaxies, believing that they were of the same nature. Most thought that all of these distant structures were contained within the Milky Way galaxy itself. The difference was confirmed in the 1920s; the work of one of the Lick's astronomers, Heber Curtis, contributed in part to this development.

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