Tigris River
1 2018-01-07T11:47:44-08:00 Christopher Taylor // christopher.eric.taylor@gmail.com 946e2cf6115688379f338b70e5b6f6c039f8ba6f 5281 2 plain 2018-01-07T11:49:01-08:00 Christopher Taylor // christopher.eric.taylor@gmail.com 946e2cf6115688379f338b70e5b6f6c039f8ba6fThis page is referenced by:
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2015-06-12T10:55:17-07:00
The Two Cities, A Chronicle of Universal History
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2024-01-17T11:37:51-08:00
De Duabus Civitatibus (1157-1158)
Inspired by civil unrest in Germany and written shortly after the fall of Edessa in 1143, Otto of Freising's Historia de duabus civitatibus has come to be known for providing an important early source on the figure of Prester John.
Oddly enough, this vital information is nothing more than an a recorded anecdote from 1145 that tells of a colleague of Otto's called Hugh of Jabala, a bishop from Lebanon, who was relaying news of a promising Nestorian Christian prince, Iohannes. This news as given in the presence of Pope Eugenius III at Viterbo.
According to Otto, widely reputed to be a trustworthy historian, this Iohannes, hailing from the distant East of the Magi, had recently conquered Persia and headed West to assist crusaders in their defense of the Holy Land. Unfortunately, Otto relates, a flooded Tigris River prevented him from aiding his Latin Christian brethren. As summarized by Slessarev (27-28):He [i.e. Hugh] related also that not many years before a certain John, a king and priest who dwells beyond Persia and Armenia in the uttermost East and, with all his people, is a Christian but a Nestorian, made war on the brother kings of Persians and Medes, called Samiardi, and stormed Ekbatana (the seat of their kingdom).
When the aforesaid kings met him with an army composed of Persians, Medes and Assyrians a battle ensued which lasted for three days, since both parties were willing to die rather than turn in flight. Prester John, for so they are accustomed to call him... emerged victorious.
He said that after this victory the aforesaid John moved his army to the aid of the Church in Jerusalem. But that when he had reached the river Tigris and was unable to transport his army across that river by any evidence he turned towards the north... tarried there for several years... [and] was forced to return home.”
In analyzing the anecdote that arguably sparked the Prester John fever across Europe, Niayesh (p. 157) notes the structural "ambivalence" of Hugh's account, noting that his story was "caught half-way between the pagan past of classical authorities and the present of Christian Crusaders" insofar as Prester John is "made to fight the long extinct nations of the Medes and Assyrians, rather than directly facing contemporary 'Saracens.'
Even the somewhat contemporaneous historical details do not, in actuality, herald a Christian savior of western Europe. Although this rumor spawned the centuries-long belief in an Eastern potentate capable of uniting Christendom, the initial account of an Eastern anti-Islamic leader was later understood to refer to the deeds of the Qara Khitai, a nomadic Chinese tribe descending from Manchuria. Significantly, this battle took place in Samarkand, not Ecbatana, as Hugh reports.
Nevertheless, despite historical mistranslation and Iohannes's failure to reach even Byzantium, this rumor helped set in motion, for many Europeans, a belated recognition of the world beyond the Tigris.
Brewer edits and translates the relevant passages of the chronicle (pp. 43-45). -
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2022-07-25T21:15:33-07:00
Yeh-lu Ta-shih
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2022-08-20T16:39:44-07:00
The leader of the nomadic remnant of the Western Liao dynasty known as the Kara Khitai, Yeh-lü Ta-shi was one of the early historical personages misunderstood to be Prester John.
As Silverberg (p. 11) recalls, Yeh-lü Ta-shi was a descendent of the first Khitan Emperor of China. After escaping to central Asia in 1124 with about 200 followers following the collapse of the Liao Dynasty, Yeh-lü Ta-shi was able to establish a new kingdom by winning the support of local Turkish tribes. His 1141 victory over the Seljuk Turks was subsequently mistranslated into a victory of eastern Christians over a formidable Muslim army at a time when western Europe desperately needed a sign of hope after a streak of failed crusading ventures.
During this process of mistranslation, Yeh-lü Ta-shih morphed into an early model for later stories about Prester John. According to Hugh of Jabala's anecdote, recorded in Bishop Otto of Friesing's universal history, a certain Nestorian king called Presbyter Iohannes had defeated a large Muslim army in Ecbatana [note: this actually happened in Samarkand] and had plans to continue to Jerusalem, if not thwarted by an inability to cross the Tigris River. This story turned out to be a mutated retelling of lead of the Qara Khitai Yeh-lü Ta-shi's defeat of Seljuk Sultan Sanjar, though there are several important differences.
First, as Silverberg (pg. 12) points out, Yeh-lü Ta-shi was known to have received "a classical academic Chinese education" and is not known in any Chinese historical text to have been a Christian.
Second, Although he and his army did defeat the Seljuks in 1141, this battle occurred near Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), not some 2,000 km west in Ecbatana (modern Iran), as Hugh of Jabala reports. Yeh-lü died in either 1143 or 1144 having not traveled much further west than Samarkand. -
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2023-11-24T10:35:23-08:00
La Voyage d'Outremer
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2024-01-05T17:06:08-08:00
The Voyage to Outremer, written in 1457 by Burgundian traveler Bertrandon de la Broquière concerning his travels in 1432-1433 in the Holy Land. In the course of his travels, he overhears (and later records) a story from a Peter of Naples about Prester John's whereabouts in Africa.
The text records that Prester John is "a good Catholic and obedient to the Church of Rome," has an army of four million, and rules over a people who are "neither white nor black, but are of a yellow-brown colour." In this account Prester John also goes to war with the Great Khan.
He also reports the how Prester John has fortified his kingdom in a canyon carved out by the Nile River (qtd. in Brewer, p. 215):And he said that the river that passes through Cairo, which we call the Nile, they call the Gyon. And he said that it comes from that country, passing in between two mountains, and he says this because one can find it written that it comes from the terrestrial paradise, just like the Tigris and the Euphrates which, saving the grace of those who say it, it is from there that all four [rivers] come. However, he said that the Nile passes between these two mountains and there is only one small river, and part of a great canyon. And near to this passage, Prester John has had two large towers constructed and a large chain from one side to the other, so that no one can see into that cave, because he said that people used to go in and that, after anyone went in, he would never return. The cause of this, he told me, is that once one is inside it, one hears a very sweet song that makes you never want to leave.
...
And he also told me that if it pleased Prester John, he could easily move the river to another course. But he left it be because there are many Christians living on the aforesaid River Nile.
Bertrandon's account is edited and translated in Brewer (pp. 214-216)
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