This page is referenced by:

• 1 2020-03-25T15:13:38-07:00 Marianne 14 plain 2022-01-25T01:51:52-08:00
  If you do not know Marianne by name, you may recognize her as Liberty from Delacroix’s famous Liberty Leading the People (1830). Marianne is an allegorical figure who has been used to represent the French Republic and Liberty since the 18th century (Winter). Her image still commonly appears in contemporary caricature and art.
  
  Marianne’s most recognizable characteristic is her red bonnet phrygien, a cap that is symbolic of the Revolution (Childs). Beyond her cap, she often looks different from the way that women are typically represented in Philipon’s journal. Representations of Marianne vary significantly throughout La Caricature. While many women are slender with delicate features, Marianne is often statuesque or even muscular. Some of the more feminine representations of Marianne depict her in traditional, domestic roles of wife and mother.
  
  Marianne appears frequently in La Caricature. With 26 appearances in the first eight volumes, she accounts for slightly less than half of the allegorical women and about one-fifth of all of women represented in the journal. In 16 of these 26 images (over 61%), violence is being enacted upon Marianne. See this page for a look at more quantitative data on representation in La Caricature.
  
  Violence against Marianne implies an act of violence that is being committed against the French Republic or against Liberty (often at the hands of King Louis-Philippe). In these caricatures of violence, Marianne is not the grand and statuesque figure that appears on some pages of the journal. Instead, she embodies a domestic femininity that Philipon praises throughout the journal. 
  
  When artists use Marianne to emphasize the strength of the French Republic, she no longer resembles the delicate, feminine figures seen elsewhere in the journal. Instead, she is drawn as a broad-shouldered, statuesque figure reminiscent of the goddesses of antiquity. In the images below, she embodies a form of femininity that is distinct from that of contemporary French women. 
  
  These representations of Marianne are not necessarily less feminine than those of her as a wife and mother. However, artists clearly distinguish two different forms of femininity. By drawing Marianne as statuesque and reminiscent of Grecoroman goddesses in images that emphasize her power and agency, caricaturists distance this power from contemporary French women. In doing so, they ensure that readers of La Caricature will not interpret an image of Marianne bowling over male politicians as a feminist call to action. If anything, her womanhood signals the satirical nature of these images. Depictions Marianne as a worthy opponent of Louis-Philippe, such as the plate above that shows a chess game between the two, may put the king's masculinity in question more than they depict feminine power.