Itinera approaches historical information from a very different theoretical standpoint than that of a traditional dissertation, book, or article project. A written history typically unfolds within a linear narrative. The author shapes, mediates, and manipulates the raw data that are history's primary sources. By working with Itinera, I learned to challenge the implicit sequencing of the historical narrative by subjecting this same information to a standardized set of curated criteria and presenting it as structured data through dynamic visualizations that map mobile collections of humans and objects in space and time, but do not necessarily adhere to fixed developmental or teleological frameworks.

My work on Alexander von Humboldt’s South American and Russian expeditions, which I began for the purposes of working as Itinera's project manager, focuses on the interactions of people moving across the globe, making use of the possibilities and affordances of Itinera’s non-linear, non-hierarchical approach to represent both the mobility of people and objects. Humboldt traveled the world taking measurements and collecting data, hoping to trace the universal geographies of natural history. Humboldt serves as an effective example that can demonstrate the potential of Itinera as both a graphic model of data visualization and also, more theoretically, a methodological approach that can be useful beyond Itinera's boundaries.

The fundamental building block of Itinera is the life event, a record of a specific event in the life of an Itinera agent. The data collected to record a life event in Itinera includes geographically specific information, which can be a specific street address or a more general place, such as "Rome," a timestamp, which can be the exact time of day in which an event takes place or a series of days or weeks, and links to a series of other actors, who also participated in that life event at that specific place and time. This data is mined from historical narratives, memoirs, travel diaries, and other types of records that typically conform to a more conventional narrative format. Each actor is associated with his or her own unique timeline of life events and an agent profile that records, among other things, his or her date and place of birth and death, life role or occupation, and any pertinent familial or professional relationships. All of the relationships between time, place, and historical actor are carefully recorded into Itinera according to a defined schema. However, Itinera does not entirely avoid narrative history. The “description” portion of the life event is the only component that requires a traditional narrative account, and it is often in these narratives that the drama of human experience comes to life.

The Itinera user can then access this data through several different visualizations on the front end of the interface, which provides graphic modes of picturing journeys, social relationships, and biographies. When viewed through the "Routes" visualization, Humboldt's voyage on Itinera reads, like all journeys on Itinera, as a series of dots snaking across the globe. Fragmented groups cluster in Europe, a long, irregular line cuts across Russia, and two twisting paths meander along the western edge of South America and Venezuela. (Figure 1) A single dot highlights the Canary Islands and a few marks accumulate in the United States, Cuba, and Mexico. With these specified points, the map itself gives a sense of the chronology of Humboldt's journey, but speaks more to the dispersed sites and the spatial density of his life experiences. A scroll along the bottom of the map allows the user to manage the dates of travel displayed on the map. Each dot itself opens into a window with a painting of Humboldt taking notes, the location and date of each of Humboldt’s life events and a description of the events that unfolded at that place and time.

The Networks Visualization cuts across these life events in a different way, allowing convergences between selected historical actors to emerge. As more and more users add data to Itinera, these networks will become richer and denser. Itinera flattens traditional hierarchies of historical importance or preeminence. Connectivity emerges between known historical actors, such as Alexander von Humboldt and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as well as lesser known agents, such as Don Ignacio, a tiger hunter on the Apure River in Venezuela. (Figure 2)

Switching to Itinera's "Chronology" function, the same dots are flattened into a temporal sequence. Here, the timeline reveals the intensity of Humboldt's movements in 1800 and again in the 1820's and early 1830's. (Figure 3) Choosing another traveler from Humboldt's dense wheel of acquaintances creates an overlapping sequence of differently colored dots on both the "Routes" and the "Chronology" visualizations, revealing where Humboldt and his companions converged in time and space. In large urban contexts such as Paris and Rome, multiple life events from numerous narrative-structured sources convene, offering the potential for new historical discovery. (Figure 4)

As Project Manager of Itinera, I collaborated on the implementation of a new feature, the object module which adds data about mobile objects, such as scientific collections, monuments, and works of art, to the travelers, routes, and chronology functions. This new module extends Itinera's capabilities to map the mobility and intersection of physical artifacts as well as human endeavors in both space and time. Itinera's agents are continuously moving, creating, and interacting with objects, essentially constructing and deconstructing both communities and collections. Humboldt gathered physical samples, produced books, and created collections of natural objects during his travels. The object module was developed as a way to represent those relationships. Presently, it is complete but still in the early stages of implementation. The ​Itinera team is currently researching object collections to include in ​the database. This new module also links effectively to my current dissertation research, which explores the development of French history through a chronology of displaced cultural artifacts at the short-lived Parisian Musée des monuments français, which was open from 1795 to 1816. Its collection was composed of art objects, sculptures, and architectural fragments mobilized due to the nationalization of property during the French Revolution, when artifacts of the church and the aristocracy were gathered into depots and processed for sale, reconstitution, or preservation. At the Petits-Augustins depot, Alexandre Lenoir, the museum’s first director, found an opportunity to shape a collection for public display from displaced artifacts and art objects, a formative moment in the development of museums in France.

Indeed, the reorganization of artifacts into museum collections during the French Revolution extended to human remains, which introduced a unique challenge to Itinera’s data model. When I entered the exhumed body of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, the French Marshal General under Louis XIV, into the system, I was asked to confront the boundaries of personhood and objecthood in both Itinera and in my own research. Turenne died in 1675 and was buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis. His body was exhumed in 1793 and taken to Paris, first displayed at the Muséum d'histoire naturelle, then incorporated into the Musée des monuments français, until finally interred at Les Invalides. This object/corpse presented a new set of problems to the recently created objects module. How does objecthood affect agency? Namely, is a deceased body a person or an object? We concluded it was both. The agent Turenne became the creator for the object Turenne at the moment of his death in 1675. New network relationships emerged between the agent Turenne, the object Turenne, and other Itinera agents who interacted with Turenne as a person, an interred body, or a museum object across space and time. (Figure 5)

After my tenure as Project Manager on Itinera, I have been continuing my dissertation research on the Musée des monuments français, which, having closed in 1816, only exists today in texts, images, and archives. Lenoir organized the collection of the Musée des monuments français into a sequence of architectural and sculptural experiences. An Introduction Hall presented the origins of French art, followed by five immersive century rooms decorated in the manner of their eras, a sequence of exterior courtyards framed by large architectural fragments transported from Gaillon and Anet, and a picturesque garden, the Jardin Élysée, where monuments mingled with the tombs of selected important figures from French history, including Turenne. After 1816, the museum was dismantled and the objects relocated and reconfigured into new collections.

To organize my thoughts and data on this collection, I began thinking about the systematic way Itinera processes historical information as a methodological research tool for my own work. To create a life event, we must mine a narrative for specific data standardized by Itinera's data model. In the case of my research, thinking more like Itinera helped me to understand that the existing narrative descriptions of the museum were creating imbalanced accounts of its collection: certain objects on display were given prominence, while other features were ignored or barely described, thereby presenting an incomplete record of the holdings. Moreover, the Musée des monuments français was ephemeral, and each object in its collection had a unique history of mobility. I established a standardized set of criteria for each gallery of the museum. Using archival images and texts, I began to identify the origin, age, creator, position in the Musée des monuments français, and contemporary state of every object in the museum. (Figure 6)

The outcome of this research was a comprehensive index of all the objects on display at the Musée des monuments français. I potentially identified several lesser-known pieces of the collection, including a Trinity currently held by the Musée nationale de la Renaissance in Écouen, several Gothic bas-reliefs now at the Basilica of Saint-Denis, and the priants of Chréttienne Leclerc and Marie de Bourbon-Vendôme, now conserved at the Musée du Louvre and the Basilica of Saint-Denis. I reconstructed the organization of the hallways, courtyards, and other auxiliary spaces of the museum, giving a more complete impression of the overall museological experience. I traced patterns in the development of the museum and critical distinctions between the treatment of interior and exterior objects that significantly developed my research.

My work using Itinera to study Alexander von Humboldt and Alexandre Lenoir resulted, in both cases, in a unique visualization of a large collection of data. For Alexander von Humbolt, this visualization took the form of an interactive interlace of points on a map and a timeline representing the extent and intensity of major scientific enterprises. The graphic representation of Humboldt’s journey in Itinera offers a dynamic platform for further historical research and collaboration. Examining the Musée des monuments français through the lens of Itinera, the reconstructed physical spaces and mobile relationships recovered from the data revealed new object relationships and a comprehensive view of the development and transformation of the collection. As an apparatus of visual knowledge and a research methodology, Itinera challenges the boundaries of narrative history for a richer, more complex understanding of journeys, social relationships, and object life histories.

An Entry Point

Paris, 1999 | Reading the journal of Michel Fourmont’s voyage to Greece (1728-30) in the Cabinet des Manuscrits at the Bibliothèque nationale.

Among the passengers on the vessel that transported the newly appointed French ambassador to Constantinople in 1728 was a certain English Lord Dashwood.[1] He traveled in the company of Michel Fourmont and Michel Sévin, French linguists who scoured the Aegean and mainland-Greece to obtain manuscripts for the royal library in Paris. Fourmont would go on to visit sites throughout Attica and the Peloponnese copying ancient inscriptions. None of this is mentioned in the entry on Sir Francis Dashwood in The Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy, 1701-1800 (or in any other published source), though he is known to have traveled on the continent from 1729-31.

Fourmont’s journal deflects Dashwood’s itinerary, opens up a completely unknown realm of his early travel experiences, and links him to a hitherto unsuspected network of people. A new perspective thus opens on the Society of Dilettanti, an organization Dashwood and other likeminded British travelers founded in 1732 and which would subsequently sponsor the most important early archaeological work in Greece and the Ionian coast. There is a tendency to see British and French endeavors of this kind as distinct, each camp aware of the other but otherwise pursuing their interests separately. Knowing of Dashwood’s presence in Fourmont’s journal, a somewhat different perspective emerges, one where a shared experience of travel brought those camps into direct contact and perhaps sparked new ways of thinking on both sides.

Fourmont’s journal entry provides more than an extra line in a biographical dictionary. It is an entry point for rethinking how data is aggregated and for imagining how digital tools and on-line environments can be used to make historical information more accessible. Shifting from the dictionary into a digital environment, we can imagine that Dashwood’s displacements in space and network of contacts (now including Fourmont and the French Ambassador to Constantinople) could be represented in ways that are more readily intelligible and easily revised as new information is discovered than can be achieved in print media. Itinera is a digital environment conceived to make this shift; not to replicate conventional methods or to simply reconfigure existing data sets but to permit new ways of making and sharing knowledge.

The Big Picture

Motivated by a desire to create carefully modeled historical data and dynamic visualizations of the paths and networks that result from the experience of travel, we have envisaged a web-based platform that will better represent the displacement of bodies and objects in space than can be achieved in print media. We hope that readers of Journal18 will see in this project not only parallels with certain tropes in eighteenth-century thought, but also opportunities for building scholarly relationships and enhancing pedagogy.

Writing for this venue, we need hardly underline the importance of travel as a component of eighteenth-century culture. Travelers were held up as exemplars of a new scientific mind-set and their discoveries fueled compilations of new knowledge including the Encyclopédie, Montesquieu’s De l’esprit des lois, Buffon’s Histoire naturelle générale et particulière, and Prévost’s Histoire générale des voyages. Seeking to empower readers to create knowledge through the comparison of individual travelers’ accounts, Prévost (and the English collection of voyages that was his ostensible starting point) experimented with the format and structure of his collection of travel narratives, withholding editorial judgment on the merits of individual authors. All these works – purportedly global and inclusive – reveal to a greater or lesser extent the chaotic and quixotic processes of information gathering, analysis and distillation that are what Itinera is also grappling to harness.

For the editors of the Encyclopédie, geographic exploration served as a metaphor for the very process of knowledge production. In his definition of the word “Encyclopédie,” Diderot pointed out that the goal of the work was to “assemble knowledge distributed across the surface of the earth.”[2] He imaged the perusal of the Encyclopédie to be akin to travel, the astute reader walking down paths of interconnected articles that led spontaneously to new discoveries. Diderot and d’Alembert’s “Prospectus” provides a sweeping vision of that landmark publication, aligning its contents and principles of organization with Locke’s new philosophy of human understanding, and seeking to empower its readership to construct new knowledge. Our goals are more modest but draw inspiration from that path-breaking model of collaborative research and publishing. We share the excitement that motivated the authors of the Encyclopédie and see in web-based environments the potential for a comparable revolution in scholarship and public engagement.

Despite the inclusion of thousands of engraved plates illustrating an array of complex phenomena and the incorporation of clever strategies such as the renvois that served as a spur to kick-start knowledge production, the Encyclopédie was constrained by the very nature of paper-based publishing. The volumes were expensive, which limited its audience, and the contents were out-of-date before the final volumes rolled off the presses. While supplements added new elements and amended obsolete articles, a key problem with all print-based encyclopedia projects has always been the impossibility of altering entries or inserting new ones without reprinting volumes or adding cumbersome addenda. As the editors of the Encyclopédie fully understood, knowledge production is spontaneous, open-ended and unpredictable,[3] features of web-based media harnessed by the most successful encyclopedia of the twenty-first century, Wikipedia. Like other digital humanities projects, Itinera embraces the Internet as a means to move beyond limitations inherent in print media and which, among other things, holds out the promise of new ways to visualize complex data sets.

Like a number of other digital humanities projects, Itinera took as a starting point The Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy, 1701-1800 [hereafter DBIT] published by John Ingamells based on research compiled by Brinsley Ford and housed in the Paul Mellon Center for British Art in London. Rather than seeking to represent data published in that volume, however, Itinera asks how one might construct a web-based environment in which the complexity of interactions between humans, objects and sites over time could be represented in a manner accessible to a range of potential inquirers and be constantly updated with new information. Itinera is not about travelers of a particular nationality to a given region during a limited time period – the core idea is to represent the displacements that generate networks of people and things in time and space.

For those of us who study cultures other than the British and who see boundaries (date ranges; political frontiers) as arbitrary and provisional, the DBIT is a model we wish could be expanded in every direction. A case could surely be made for a Dictionary of Italian Travellers to Britain and Ireland. Though there may not have been a French equivalent to the Grand Tour, there was no shortage of French authors, scholars, artists, diplomats and other kinds of traveler in Italy at the same time as those British and Irish peers and elites – and in certain instances interacting with them and their Italian hosts. To capture the experience of French artists in Italy, the temporal boundaries would need to be moved outward.  From 1666 to 1968, for example, successive French administrations regularly sent prize-winning artists trained at state schools in Paris to study at the French Academy in Rome – and beyond. A proliferation of biographical dictionaries, however, would be the wrong approach if capturing the cosmopolitan nature of international travel networks and the diversity of individual experiences is to be an objective. Sir Francis Dashwood embarking on a French vessel bound for Constantinople in 1728 is thus a conceptual starting point for Itinera rather than a mere data-point.