This page has annotations:

1. 1 2021-06-01T00:25:01-07:00 Arthur Ian Michie c975d52e0462a57a8b1be034c3b720b039744e53 Acknowledgement of the Authors Arthur Ian Michie 2 plain 2021-06-01T01:41:28-07:00 Arthur Ian Michie c975d52e0462a57a8b1be034c3b720b039744e53
2. 1 2021-06-01T01:39:28-07:00 Arthur Ian Michie c975d52e0462a57a8b1be034c3b720b039744e53 Price Arthur Ian Michie 2 plain 2021-06-01T01:41:29-07:00 Arthur Ian Michie c975d52e0462a57a8b1be034c3b720b039744e53
3. 1 2021-06-01T00:24:15-07:00 Arthur Ian Michie c975d52e0462a57a8b1be034c3b720b039744e53 A Pipe of Tobacco Arthur Ian Michie 2 plain 2021-06-01T01:41:29-07:00 Arthur Ian Michie c975d52e0462a57a8b1be034c3b720b039744e53
4. 1 2021-06-01T00:26:38-07:00 Arthur Ian Michie c975d52e0462a57a8b1be034c3b720b039744e53 Printed at the St. Dustan's Church in London, England. Arthur Ian Michie 2 plain 2021-06-01T01:41:29-07:00 Arthur Ian Michie c975d52e0462a57a8b1be034c3b720b039744e53

This page is referenced by:

• 1 2021-04-29T15:55:09-07:00 Pipe of Indulgence 76 Written during the peak of British Colonialism on the North American continent, this page reflects the cultural impact of colonial cash crops on English society and how England used laws to inspire a controlled flow of American goods. plain 2021-06-02T15:17:27-07:00 A Pipe of Tobacco (1736) is a collection of parody poems written by English statesman and poet Isaac Hawkings Browne. The book contains six varying imitation poems which all reference tobacco consumption as well as subtle themes of retirement and contentment. The six poems imitate poetry from renowned English poets such as Colley Cibber, Ambrose Philips, James Thomson, Edward Young, Alexander Pope, and Jonathan Swift. In the Version of the book owned by the William Clark Collection at UCLA, subtle annotations appear at the start of each poem, with the annotator writing in the original author of each poem, helping give reference to the original poets' works. The book itself is unbound and instead cased in cloth, which alludes that the book was made to be easily and cheaply distributed. Later on, we will explore each of the six imitations individually, but for now, I would like to give some historical background for when this book was released.
  
  Christopher Columbus had located the American continents by 1492 in an expedition funded by the Spanish crown. Not too soon after, many European nations such as France, Portugal, the Netherlands, and England joined Spain in establishing colonies in North and South America. These new world colonies would export various rare and unknown materials to their mother nations. England's American Colonies quickly became renowned for various cash crops such as indigo, sugar, rice, and most notably tobacco, with tobacco quickly becoming British America's top export. British America exported these cash crops as well as manufactured goods to England, but after the start of the English Civil War in 1642, many British Americans started to open trade with other Europeans such as the French and the Dutch. At the conclusion of the English Civil War, the English government passed the Navigation Acts of 1651, which was a series of legislation that forbade any of England's colonies from trading with any other European powers. As the population of British America increased, and the production of American goods continued to climb, American cash crops and manufactured goods began to become staple commodities in English society and culture. Though usually reserved for the upper classes, as time went on Tobacco became more and more of an important commodity within England, and many works from the time period would reflect the importance of Tobacco on English society. A prime example of this would be the before mentioned A Pipe of Tobacco which parodied many contemporary poets by replacing their themes with the theme of Tobacco. The Navigation Acts of 1651, changed England's culture forever by forcibly introducing Colonial products into British society, having a rippling effect on England's culture forever.
  
  The book A Pipe of Tobacco is split into six sections, with each section containing an imitation of previous works from the above-mentioned contemporary poets. Imitation I appears to be the main poem in the book, as it's the only poem to have a title, being A New-Year's Ode. A New-Years Ode is also the only poem in the book to have a shifting metrical foot type and a metrical foot number, with these shifts being the foot type constantly changing from iambic to trochaic, as well as the foot number changing from pentameter to tetrameter often throughout the poem. The opening lines of A New-Years Ode reference battles and horror, which is contrasted with the next few lines referencing tobacco as a blessing of peace, continuing by asking if any nation has ever been blessed as England to have access to new world exports. The poem references the Virginia Fleets and how the British fleet protects the commercial ships. The sense is that the Atlantic Ocean had been subjugated by the British fleet, alluding to the success of the Triangular trade towards the economy of Britain. Finally, the poem ends with acknowledging the importance of a strong naval presence, as while other European powers fight amongst themselves, the British have the opportunity to live safely on their island with no worry but to smoke and drink. 
  
  Imitation II, Imitation III, and Imitation V all reference the pleasures that come with tobacco, all containing many lines that state tobacco in a positive light. Imitation II highlights its idea with many of the lines within the poetry. Lines such as "Little Tube of mighty power, charmer of an idle Hour" and "happy thrice, and thrice again, happiest he of happy men" allow the reader picturesque commentary which provides insight towards the perception of tobacco as a luxury and as a relief of the mind. This theme continues in Imitation III, which calls Tobacco a

  "fountain pure of limpid truth that looks at the very soul with each puff allowing imagination to burn".

  It is easy to associate these lines with the relaxation that comes with the smoking of tobacco products. Tobacco was a key element in the lives of aristocrats and enlightenment philosophers both in Britain and in her Colonial possessions, and because of this, it was sought out similarly to how a nice whiskey would be sought out. It is no secret many notable figures of this time period had a huge investment in tobacco, with well-known examples including Thomas Jefferson and George Washington who both personally owned tobacco plantations. Imitation V continues in light of Imitation II and III, naming Tobacco "Europes' last peace, when all statesmen fail." This theme seems to be open to much interpretation, but I believe that it can allude to the fact that many enlightenment progressives would be able to deter war with their philosophies, in which these ideas were being supported by tobacco consumption.

  Finally, Imitation IV and Imitation VI give the reader a sense of Tobaccos's role in English culture, and some of the stigmas surrounding tobacco domestically and internationally. Imitation IV goes into great detail showing some of the stigmas within English society towards tobacco consumption. Imitation IV states that women despise tobacco for the smell that it causes, going further as to say pipes affect women much stronger than they do men, and that women would rather gossip about the town's drama than smoke from the pipe. Besides the smell and other points that get mentioned as the deterrents of smoking include bad teeth and bad breath. Browne counters this further in the poem by calling those who do not smoke "from the leaf of knowledge" as ignorant and later states how the hypocrisy of those who despise smoking, yet continue to drink heavily. Through this, we see some of the stigmas within English society regarding tobacco consumption in play. Women were often not included among tobacco consumers as some women loathed the properties of the substance, while many others were neglected the opportunity to partake in smoking as it was seen more as a gentlemen's activity. We also see recognition of some of the negatve traits associated with smoking such as bad breath and teeth. Many people considered tobacco healthy at the time, thus the recognition of negative traits is an interesting thing to point out especially considering Brown's bias towards Tobacco consumption. Lastly, Imitation VI gives us a glance at tobaccos' role on British nationalism and identity. French America had become well known for its exportation of beaver furs, while Spanish America regularly exported large shipments of gold and silver back to mainland Spain. British America had become renown for its cash crops and because of the Navigation Acts of 1651, Colonial products could only travel between English territories for trade. This caused certain crops such as indigo and tobacco to become mostly unique to Britain and this helped in shaping national identity for British people. In Imitation VI, Browne thanks the queen for tobacco exportation to Britain. In another line, Browne suggests that he cares not for what the French or the Spanish are doing, but instead encourages Britain to continue in its direction, stating in the final line of the book.

  "Britons, if undone, can go, Wherer tobacco loves to grow."

  
  Through A Pipe of Tobacco and its six Imitation poems, we get the sense of the impact of colonial exports within English society. The new world exports from British America changed English culture forever, and because of the Navigation acts of 1651, an abundance of colonial cash crops and manufactured goods became ingrained within English society forever. Imitation I, II, III, and V provide a great understanding of the pleasure that comes with smoking tobacco, and the desire for aristocrats to obtain tobacco products. Imitation IV and VI provide a greater context for how tobacco influenced English society, as the stigma that surrounded tobacco was that it was reserved for the upper classes and only for men. It also became a symbol of British identity, giving us a better idea of tobacco's role in British society. The navigation acts would eventually create enough discontent among colonial farmers and workmen to help ignite the American Revolutionary War, which would be led by many tobacco producers such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Despite this, the demand for American products would continue to grow, and as Britain continued to grow her empire, rare exports from obscure corners of the earth would continue to shape British society. By the time of Industrialism, Britain's drive for valuable resources would eventually drive the British to create the largest empire the world has ever seen.

  Works cited

  Browne, Isaac. A Pipe of Tobacco. pp. 1-23. 1736. https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/21198/n1d59k/.
  
  Nettles, Curtis P. "British Mercantilism and the Economic Development of the Thirteen Colonies". The Journal of Economic History.
  Vol. 12, No. 2 (Spring, 1952). pp. 105-114. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2113218?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A1bb07dfbb98547d697792b155278cdb5&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
  
  Molineux, Catherine. "Pleasures of the Smoke: "Black Virginians" in Georgian London's Tobacco Shops". 
  The William and Mary Quarterly. Third Series, Vol. 64, No. 2 (Apr., 2007). pp. 327-376.  https://www.jstor.org/stable/4491624?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  
  Graebner, Norman A. "The Illinois Country and the Treaty of Paris of 1783". Illinois Historical Journal. Vol. 78, No. 1 (Spring, 1985). pp. 2-16. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40191818?read now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Ac6c556363f130d994281fb9e0e7f8da1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
• 1 2021-04-29T15:55:24-07:00 A Description the Importance of Preservation 27 The Workes of John Boys gives insight into the ideas of a priest during the the late 1600s. It is thanks to the annotations and the preservations of the book that we are able to look to make connections to other readings around the same era. plain 2021-05-27T16:19:07-07:00

  This image is the title page of the Workes of John Boys and shows a multitude of males figures, which I presume would be John Boys throughout various stages of his life. The image was created by John Payne as seen in the bottom left corner, and shows many religious symbols such as the cross and what looks to be John Boys praying towards heaven. John Boys was a priest and the dean of Catenbury from 1619 to his death in 1625. It is only natural that the book would have religious symbols, but within each image of the male figure there reads latin words or phrases such as opportune importune and scriba doctus in regno coelorum. The first phrase can be roughly translated to timely season and the second is scribe instructed in the kingdom of heaven. While John Boys did live in England, being a priest during this era of the late 1500s and early 1600s could have enticed him to learn latin in order to read the bible in old text. The image is quite detailed taking up the entirety of the page and was actually imprinted for Willaim Aspley, who was a publisher in London during the Elizabethan era and worked on much of the first and second folios for Shakespeare’s Plays. This book is truly a compilation of John Boys’ papers and essays throughout his life and was put together after his death, because the book was created after 1638. 

  On the right you can see that there is an image of a page from the book. The book does not have a heavy amount of written annotations, which leads me to believe that this book was read more leisurely and the owner wanted to keep it in a somewhat pristine quality. For the most part annotations within the book appear to be printed and most are footnotes explaining certain parts or adding additional information that the reader might have not known. The written annotations on the right show how the reader was engaging with the text as they continuously started their sentences with “note” followed by their ideas about the difference between multiple ideas and people. This book is heavily religious and provides John Boys’ thoughts on certain concepts and teaching of Christrianity. After looking through the book there appears to be hardly any wear or tear, so the owner was definitely digilent about keeping this book legible. The owner could’ve also come back to this book from time to time and read the annotations they had created as a guide to remember what they had read and their thoughts on the matter. 

  This following page is just one example of the many works that are within this book. This writing was created by John Boys and follows a very similar trend to the other title page/covers of his books. Many of his works have this fanciful artwork on the page, usually above the title, and there is always the fanciful first letter. The artwork consists of flowers and other plant life with the addition of a crown, presumably alluding to England and their long line of royalty. The artwork within the fanciful I consists of plant life as well, but there also appears to be mermaids. I don’t know the context as for why mermaids would be included within the image, and considering they are mythical creatures there could be some kind of connection between them and God. Once again all of the works that John Boys has created have been related to Christianity, and this follows that trend as well. As a priest he provides valuable insight on the ideas brought about by Christianity, and expressing his beliefs can help others see his perspective on religion and the impact that it has within someone's everyday life. 

  This is the first image that I found that actually has a full page of handwritten notes, while it is legible to a certain extent it is still difficult to read. This page was also the first one I discovered to be completely blank, which probably prompted the owner to actually write on the page. This is one of the most heavily written pages within the book. The personal owner of this was the Beaumont family, which during the 1400s had become synonymous with coal mining within England. The family had virtually made their fortune off of the mines that they had acquired, and their wealth had made them interested in art as well as other collections. This book was within their care, so this writing could very well be from a family member that took an interest in this book. At the top the title states Of the lawe and the gospell, and the overall writing within this short manuscript seems to be some old latin. The Beaumont family did an excellent job at preserving the text and the teaching of John Boyes and the annotations within it can now be seen and understood by many others today. It is also thanks to Henry Vaughan that this book was created in the first place as he had collected the writings of John Boys as he wrote them throughout his life and then compiled them into one book that would be easily accessible and read by many others.
   

  Works Cited 

  Howe, E. M. “Coal, Art, and the Beaumonts .” Proquest. History Today; London. Vol. 24. https://bit.ly/3wy9o1m.
  

  Richardson, William. 2004. Boys, John (Bap. 1571, d. 1625), Dean of Canterbury. Vol. 1.

  Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/3144.

  Yoshinaka, Takashi, and Mai Matsumoto. 2021. “Eschatological Alchemy in Henry Vaughan and Andrew Marvell.” The Seventeenth Century 36 (2): 213–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268117X.2020.1746925.
• 1 2021-05-06T17:30:37-07:00 ISA 65 1 4 plain 2021-05-06T17:37:43-07:00 Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.Vertical text at the right margin, which makes reference to a biblical text.
• 1 2021-05-06T17:09:02-07:00 A pipe of Tobacco 2 Arthur Michie plain 2021-05-06T17:23:34-07:00 Browne, Isaac Hawkins, 1706-1760 1736 UCLA, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Consectetur purus ut faucibus pulvinar elementum integer enim neque volutpat. Diam maecenas ultricies mi eget mauris pharetra et. Tristique et egestas quis ipsum suspendisse ultrices gravida dictum. Non curabitur gravida arcu ac tortor dignissim convallis. Lorem dolor sed viverra ipsum nunc aliquet bibendum enim facilisis. Et pharetra pharetra massa massa ultricies mi. Velit ut tortor pretium viverra suspendisse potenti nullam ac. Sollicitudin tempor id eu nisl. Gravida neque convallis a cras semper. Imperdiet nulla malesuada pellentesque elit eget gravida. Eu ultrices vitae auctor eu augue ut lectus.
  
  Eu ultrices vitae auctor eu augue. Magnis dis parturient montes nascetur. Turpis cursus in hac habitasse. Laoreet non curabitur gravida arcu. Vitae congue mauris rhoncus aenean. Fames ac turpis egestas maecenas pharetra convallis. Sed nisi lacus sed viverra tellus in hac habitasse platea. Turpis in eu mi bibendum neque. Leo integer malesuada nunc vel risus commodo viverra maecenas accumsan. Vitae suscipit tellus mauris a diam maecenas sed enim ut.
  
  Pellentesque id nibh tortor id aliquet lectus. Velit euismod in pellentesque massa placerat duis ultricies lacus. Sed nisi lacus sed viverra tellus. Viverra suspendisse potenti nullam ac. Molestie nunc non blandit massa. Leo vel fringilla est ullamcorper. Scelerisque purus semper eget duis at tellus at. Eu sem integer vitae justo eget magna fermentum iaculis. Nam at lectus urna duis convallis convallis tellus id interdum. Fringilla urna porttitor rhoncus dolor purus non enim. In fermentum posuere urna nec.
  
  Non blandit massa enim nec. Enim diam vulputate ut pharetra sit amet. Pellentesque sit amet porttitor eget dolor morbi non arcu. In cursus turpis massa tincidunt. Ullamcorper sit amet risus nullam eget felis eget nunc. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et. Elit duis tristique sollicitudin nibh sit amet commodo. Ac turpis egestas sed tempus urna et pharetra pharetra massa. Quam lacus suspendisse faucibus interdum posuere lorem ipsum dolor. Lorem mollis aliquam ut porttitor leo.
  
  Justo donec enim diam vulputate. Duis at tellus at urna condimentum. Eget lorem dolor sed viverra ipsum nunc aliquet. Consectetur adipiscing elit ut aliquam purus. Dignissim diam quis enim lobortis scelerisque. Adipiscing elit pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et. Etiam tempor orci eu lobortis elementum. A iaculis at erat pellentesque adipiscing. Fermentum et sollicitudin ac orci. Massa id neque aliquam vestibulum morbi blandit cursus risus at. Augue mauris augue neque gravida. Eget nunc lobortis mattis aliquam faucibus purus.