Folio written in Kufic style
1 2024-03-28T13:30:40-07:00 Richard Lent 3e723f35a685aebf07b8b602f188f085f3fa0c8f 44801 3 Folio from a Qur'an Manuscript, 800s-900s, attributed to Central Islamic Lands, Metropolitan Museum of Art 37.99.2. plain 2024-08-18T09:39:16-07:00 37.99.2 Zoe Zimmer 726b0bce27fe407b566d2fd9122871e9e9ddcf50This page is referenced by:
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How was this Page from the Qur'an made?
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Materials
Early manuscripts of the Qur'an were primarily written on parchment made from animal skin. However, by the 800s, paper, introduced to the Islamic world from China, became more common and less expensive. The paper also allowed for easier writing and could accommodate more text.
Scribes used ink made from soot or gallnuts mixed with gum and water. The ink needed to be durable and clear for the sacred text to be easily readable and preserved. Colored pigments, made from minerals and plants, were used for decoration.Preparation of the Writing Surface
If parchment was used, it had to be carefully prepared. This process involved cleaning, stretching, and drying the animal skins, then smoothing them to create a suitable writing surface.
The paper was treated with a sizing agent made from starch or gelatin to reduce its absorbency and ensure that the ink sat on the surface, making the writing crisp and preventing smudging.
Calligraphy
The 800s saw the development and standardization of Arabic calligraphy, with scripts like Kufic becoming prominent. Its angular, linear shapes characterized Kufic and was widely used in early Qur'an manuscripts, like the one shown here.
Expert calligraphers, who were deeply respected for their skill and piety, undertook the writing of the Qur'an. They used reed pens, which offered precision and flexibility in forming the Arabic letters. The scribe would carefully copy the text, ensuring each letter and diacritical mark was accurately rendered.
Illumination and Decoration
Manuscripts were often illuminated with gold and colors, especially for headings, verse markers, and marginal decorations. This not only beautified the manuscript but also helped in navigating the text.
Marginal notes and symbols were added to assist with recitation and interpretation. These could indicate verse endings, sections, or other reading aids.
Binding
Once the pages were completed, they were gathered, ordered, and bound together. Early bindings were simple, but they became more elaborate over time, with covers made of leather or wood, sometimes decorated with embossing, painting, or inlays.
Yonglong (Ethan) Ren, Class of 2026, College of the Holy Cross
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