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• 1 2024-03-28T13:30:37-07:00 Why was this bowl made? 6 plain 2024-10-22T16:43:10-07:00
  
   
  Lusterware ceramics, like the WAM bowl, were first created in response to potters in West Asia encountering Chinese porcelains. During the 9th and early 10th centuries, the Abbasid Caliphate imported highly valuable Tang Dynasty porcelains from across the Indian Ocean and up the Persian Gulf. The Abbasid court deeply admired the beauty of these Chinese wares. As a result of these cross-cultural transactions, earthenware became accepted as worthy of royal use for the first time in Islamic society. Potters in this region shared the Caliphate's affinity for Chinese porcelains and were deeply impressed by the elegance, strength, and whiteness of these imports. As such, they sought to mimic the milky white surfaces, thin walls, elegant profiles, and durability of Chinese ceramic white wares.
   
    
  Chinese ceramicists used clay with kaolin deposits, resulting in a fine, white consistency in porcelain production. However, the earthenware clay available to Islamic potters in West Asia was not equipped to create ceramics of either Chinese color or consistency due to a lack of kaolin deposits in the soil. Thus, these potters had to experiment with earthenware and various glazing techniques to approach the white glaze and thin forms used by Chinese potters. Lusterware resulted from these experiments.
  Early West Asian potters realized that covering an earthenware ceramic with a lead and tin oxide glaze would create an opaque white surface similar to Chinese ceramics. This white base was then painted with silver and copper metallic oxide glazes to develop the monochrome-on-white aesthetic they sought. However, firing these metallic oxides had the added benefit of creating a unique shimmer and iridescence on the ceramic's surface.
  
  From the beginning, lusterware was created as luxury ceramics intended to be used in Islamic royal courts. Due to the complex nature of the lusterware firing and glazing process, these ceramics were incredibly expensive and were not widely produced. Only royal court members could afford to purchase and use them as dinnerware. These ceramics' aesthetics also reflected their status as feast ware. Abbasid luster ceramics, created for the royal courts at Baghdad and Samarra, were decorated to reflect the power and prestige of the caliph. Decorative motifs frequently included rulers feasting, royals being entertained, righteous battles, animals associated with good luck, and auspicious inscriptions bestowing blessings on the caliph. In later years, lusterware created for the Persian Seljuk and Ilkhanid courts percolated into the hands of an emerging wealthy urban class that also coveted the deluxe dinnerware. As a result, images of courtiers enthroned, feasting, and hunting became more prevalent. 
  
  The figural element in its decoration suggests that this bowl was used for a secular feasting context. Additionally, the metallic quality of the lusterware visually mimics gold, which is significant because, in Islamic religious practice, Muslims are not supposed to eat from golden ware. Thus, lusterware's ceramic materiality provided a loophole for luxury dinnerware.
  
  Due to their luxury status, expensive lusterware was valued across cultures. Europeans in the Spanish courts of Saville and later European crusaders sought out and used lusterware items despite their Islamic production and form. 
  
  Grace P. Morrissey, College of the Holy Cross, Class of 2022
• 1 2024-03-28T13:30:37-07:00 When was this bowl made? 4 plain 2024-10-22T16:42:47-07:00

  The bowl dates to the thirteenth century, overlapping with the Golden Age of Persian (modern-day Iraq and Iran) lusterware production from 1195 to the Mongol invasions of 1223.
  Lusterware production has a long history, beginning in the 8th century when Egyptian artisans tried applying metallic pigment to glassware. However, the application on glass was aesthetically unsuccessful, with the luster paint leaving dark stains on the glass surface instead of shimmering lustrous designs.
  
  It is not until the 9th century that we start seeing luster-painted ceramics being produced by Mesopotamian potters under the Abbasid Caliphate (719-258). The Abbasid Caliphate is the second caliphate of successors to guide the newly formed Muslim community after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam. It is important to situate lustreware production within the cultural context of Islam, as what some of us may consider "minor" or decorative art was held in high esteem in Islamic society. Islamic artisans were known to transform humble everyday objects into captivating creations using elegant forms and richly patterned surfaces.
  
  The development of lusterware’s shimmering surface quality is considered one of the greatest inventions ever made by Islamic potters. It reached new heights in the late 12th and early 13th centuries in aesthetic design, new ceramic forms, material quality, and technique development Under the Persian Seljuks—Turkish nomads from Central Asia—and the Ilkhanids—members of the Mongol empire. Persian wares drew on previous Egyptian Fatimid examples but developed new shapes and decorative techniques. Lusterware has since traveled from Basra in Southern Iraq to Iran, Egypt, North Africa, and Spain. European and American ceramicists later adopted it, and lusterware ceramics are still produced today.
  
  Throughout its production, the aesthetics and designs associated with lusterware have developed as the practice has moved from region to region. The earliest Abbasid luster ceramics were intricately decorated in polychrome, with up to three or four colors at a time. However, this early mixing of luster designs, ranging in color from deep red to yellow-brown, resulted in congested vegetal patterns and visually overwhelming compositions. Thus, by the 10th century, artisans began producing monochrome luster, allowing for greater design clarity. Artisans also started experimenting with different decorative motifs, incorporating new figurations like animals, birds, peacock eyes, and human figures with traditional geometric and floral patterns.
   
  

  Shifts in color and patterning were not the only developments in lusterware aesthetics, as design compositions, scale, and ceramic shapes also evolved considerably. For example, a more naturalistic style characterized lusterware production in the early 12th century under the Fatimids. After the destruction of the Arab Nasrid Dynasty by Christian rulers, potters in Málaga—Spain's first important luster production site—produced elaborate works with European Gothic motifs. Under the Persian Seljuks, the potters of Kashan developed a new ceramic body made of ground quartz, white clay, and potash. This enabled the production of thin-walled vessels that could be sculpted into various shapes and sizes with elegant profiles.
  
  These Persian ceramics were then decorated in the early "Monumental style," characterized by its precise reserve coloring and large-scale figures, or the "Miniature style," which dates from the last quarter of the twelfth century. The Kashan "Miniature" style is derived from manuscript illumination techniques and the intricate decorative techniques of mina'i enamelware pottery. Miniature style lusterware retained the rendering of figures in reserve, as seen in the Monumental style, but the brushwork was more rapid and freeform and rendered on a much smaller scale. The last aesthetic style of the Seljuk potters, known as the "Kashan" style, developed in the final years of the 12th century and soon became the dominant style of luster painting. There is even a recorded master of the Kashan style, Abu Zaid, whose signed works still survive in both the Kashan and miniature styles. The Kashan style is an amalgamation of the Monumental and Miniature styles and is known for its elaborate compositions painted onto the interior and exterior of flare-side bowls. Kashan decorative schemes - often depicting rulers seated in centrally located roundels - are rendered in clear reserve coloring with moderately scaled figures. However, their designs also incorporate detailed tendrils and tiny scratched scrollwork.
  
  The Worcester Art Museum's Figural Bowl is an example of luster done in the Kashan style, as  exemplified by the hybridity of its patterning and use of line, and straight flaring sides.  

  Around 1220, lusterware manufacture in Kashan began to decline with the invasion of the Mongols into Western Iran and the retirement of Kashan's two preeminent potters. Production of lusterware never returned to the quality and quantity achieved during the Persian Golden Age. However, despite the closing of Kashan's kilns, the technique of lustreware was not lost, and its earliest examples have remained highly sought after by both museums and private collectors.
  
  Grace P. Morrissey, College of the Holy Cross, Class of 2022