Deal, William E. A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism. (Newark: John Wiley & Sons, 2015) Accessed October 5, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central. pp. 94-143.

Department of Asian Art. “Heian Period (794–1185).” in the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/heia/hd_heia.htm (October 2002)

Fisher, Robert E. Buddhist Art and Architecture. (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2006). 

Ganvir, Shrikant. “Cultural Linkage Between Ancient Buddhist Art of India and East Asia: A Case Study of Eleven-Headed Avalokiteshvara.” Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute 72/73 (2012): 257–66.

McIntire, Jennifer and Harris, Beth. "Bodhisattva, probably Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin)," in Smarthistory, December 4, 2015, accessed October 23, 2024, https://smarthistory.org/bodhisattva/.

Moran, Sherwood F. “Early Heian Sculpture at Its Best: Three Outstanding Examples.” Artibus Asiae 34, no. 2/3 (1972): 119–61. https://doi.org/10.2307/3249644

Morse, Samuel C. “Japanese Sculpture in Transition: An Eighth-Century Example from the Tōdai-Ji Buddhist Sculpture Workshop.” Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies 13, no. 1 (1987): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.2307/4115925

Morse, Samuel C. “Jōchō’s Statue of Amida at the Byōdo-in and Cultural Legitimization in Late Heian Japan.” RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, no. 23 (1993): 96–113. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20166869.

Samuel C. Morse, “The Buddhist Transformation of Japan in the Ninth Century: The Case of Eleven-Headed Kannon,” in Centers and Peripheries in Heian Japan, ed. Mikael Adolphson, Edward Kamens, and Stacie Matsumoto (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007), 153–76.

Wang, Eugene. “Sound Observer” in Presence: The Inherence of the Prototype in Images and Other Objects, ed. Robert Maniura and Rupert Shepherd (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020). 

Yu Chun-Fang. Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.