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• 1 2016-04-19T11:26:30-07:00 Introduction: Document Design and Rhetoric 19 plain 2016-05-22T00:31:50-07:00      What is Document Design? The designing of a document is crucial for presenting information to a large group of people effectively. Document design is a more specialized approach to information design. Information design is a way to take large amounts of complex materials and present to a large group of audiences (Kimball 3). While the study of document design might be associated with more modern times, the practices have been around for centuries. As a person needed to communicate information with another human being, forms of words have been used dating back to hieroglyphics.
  
       Focusing on the Hearl Maxwell collection that is based in the early 20th century, there are a lot of document design principles that were in place when conducting information between men and the mining unions involving mining in Southeast Kansas. Documents were drawn up in the form of contracts by unions to give the best possible information to the mining community in case of accidents. Letters and follow up letters were used as a form of communication between the union members from the local chapter to the national chapter regarding incidents that happened throughout the mining community. Using a broader aspect to examine these letters and contracts between the members of the mining community, we can use Robin Williams's document design practice of Contrast, Repetition, Alignment, and Proximity (CRAP) to focus on the working-class rhetoric and the educational levels of the individuals involved.
  
       What is Rhetoric? “Rhetoric is the art of using language for persuasion, in speaking or writing; especially in orating,” (Cuddon 794). As an author writes information as a way to entice people to follow what is being said or done, the writer works on playing with emotions of people, or their ethos. Writers may use a specific style or dialect depending on the group they are writing to.
  This is where the two different “dialects” come into play, working-class rhetoric versus professional rhetoric. What is the difference? William DeGenaro describes working-class rhetorics as “rhetorics [that] appropriate the histories of rhetorics for a social and political program; that is, confronting the elitism that has characterized educational, political, and civic institutions throughout the Western traditions,” (DeGenaro 6). Tim Peebles defines “professional writing as organizationally situated authorship, which narrows the field to writing done within organizational contexts of some form,” (Peebles 6). While professional writing typically use a form of organizational skills for the creation of the document, working-class rhetoric deals more with the class struggles presented in written documents.
  
       Reading an educational document on Coal-Mine Ventilation, it is easy for a reader to see the rhetoric is geared more toward the professional rhetoric. The context is narrowed down to the coal mining organization and educating workers on how to properly ventilate a coal mine, but what about a letter? In a letter dated June 20, 1924 from William Green to Hearl Maxwell regarding acknowledgement of joining a local labor union, the salutation and closing are more of a working-class rhetoric. The salutation is “Dear sir or brother” and the closing is “Fraternally yours.” Their writing revolves around the brotherhood seen each other.
  
       Through the help of the Hearl Maxwell collection of documents, we’re going to further explore the rhetorical figures in the 20th century through document design and education of the mining workers in Southeast Kansas and the mine working unions.
• 1 2016-04-26T08:48:33-07:00 Document Design Principles - Repetition 17 plain 2016-05-19T22:32:36-07:00      Repetition does exactly what the name states, it repeats an aspect throughout a document design to help the reader know that this is a whole document and not separate documents that were put together. “The repetitive element may be a bold font, a thick rule (line), a certain bullet, design element, color, format, spatial relationships, etc,” (Williams 55) as just some options when following the document design principle of repetition. When examining a document, letter size, margin size, paper size and weight are all inconspicuous forms of repetition. When designing a document, it is better to “turn [all those] inconspicuous repetition[s] into a visual key that ties the publication together,” (Williams 55). “Repetition provides a sense of professionalism and authority to your pieces, no matter how playful,” (Williams 67).
       
       Based off of the paragraph above, on a multipage document it is relatively easy to see the necessity of having repetition throughout the document. The repetition provides validity to the reader that the document is whole. Looking through the Hearl Maxwell archives, repetition is seen throughout the multipage documents. There are typically three big challenges with multipage documents which include “maintaining unity, making a lot of type inviting, and providing navigational signs to keep readers from getting lost,” (Hagen 82). Reading through a contract with the United Mine Workers of America is a prime example of a multipage document that needs repetition. The repetition can be as easy as the start of each article with the word "Article" followed by a number. The problem with this repetition is it doesn’t help break up the text to make it more user friendly. Looking at the page, there is multiple words and paragraphs but not a lot of space breaking up those paragraphs. This leads to one of the three challenges of making the text tempting for the average person to read. The text itself shows repetition in the form used to write in, which would be classified as professional rhetoric.
             
       The Constitution and Laws by the Kansas State Federation of Labor is a multipage document that follows the laws of repetition both in the form of professional rhetoric because it is a professional document for the workers of the coal mines in Kansas but also follows the repetition throughout the document. The document itself breaks the text up into inviting paragraphs for the the mine workers to read. Each article is broken up by repetition by the title of the article, all capital letters and same larger font followed by the section number of the article identified at the beginning of each paragraph.
             
       But how can the repetition be seen in the form of letters? The letters tend to be a single page document. There is repetition seen in the header of the letter. The main focal point stands out but the lesser information seen in the header all formats to the same type font and the same placement. The body of the text uses the same format all the way through with a nice salutation and closing to wish the reader well. The type of the body of the format is the same throughout which shows a form of repetition.
             
       Can repetition be seen between letters? Yes. There is a repetition taught in how to formally address and write letters. The header goes at the top of the page, who the letter and the date comes followed by the greeting and the body of the letter. At the end of the letter is a closing remark followed by the signature. All formal letters receive this same treatment which is a form of repetition seen between letters. Repetition follows closely with the alignment of a letter. Most documents contain one or more of these document design characteristics and most documents contain multiple elements. While alignment doesn’t have to be the next element to consider, the next element to discuss will be alignment.
• 1 2016-04-25T13:21:53-07:00 Document Design Principles - Contrast 14 plain 2016-05-19T22:30:21-07:00      The main focus of contrast is to help guide the reader through the information. Along with focus, it helps to “organize information, clarify the hierarchy [of information], and guide the reader around the page, [to] provide focus,” (Williams 69). Options that Williams gives for contrast are: “large type with small font, graceful old style font with a bold sans serif font, a thin line with a thick line, a cool color with a warm color, a smooth texture with a rough texture, a horizontal element with a vertical element, widely spaced lines with closely packed lines, and a small graphic with a large graphic,” (Williams 69).
             
       While in the 21st century these are great design principles on showing contrast, computers weren’t a thing of the early 20th century. Designers had to get a little more creative when creating contrast design elements. Looking at Bulletin number 41 of the Trade and Industrial series no. 11, Coal-Mine Ventilation published in November 1919. While the concept of serif versus san serif fonts hadn’t been invented yet, the authors of this document used contrasts of large type with small font to show the importance of the articles covered. The topic being addressed, “Coal-Mine Ventilation,” is the main focus of this 67-page document. The words are in all capitals versus the upper and lower case words that are less important and more the supporting information to the document cover. The goal of contrast is to allow “a reader [to] always be able to glance at a document and instantly understand what’s going on,” (Williams 72) or what information is being presented in the document.
             
       Now that a basis is formed on contrast, looking at the second page of this Coal-Mine Ventilation document, is there a lot of contrast in the information being presented? There is larger font to point out the fact that the reader is looking at Federal Board for Vocational Information. Then there is a contrast between the committee members and their job titles. The member’s names are in all upper case to create emphasis while their job titles are in an italicized to create contrast between the name of the board member and their job title. There are two horizontal lines drawn to separate the members from the title on the page and the executive staff. Then toward the bottom, there is a double line to contrast additional information unrelated to the board members. With these different contrast principles in play, a reader can quickly glance at the material on this page and separate out the different bits of information being presented.
             
       A cover and an index page make it relatively easy to present different bits of information quickly to a reader through contrast methods, but what about a main page of an article? Main pages of articles present a lot of written text that isn’t nearly as easy to distinguish. One way to use the concept of contrast is to create headers that allow a reader to know the overall general topic that will be discussed in a given block of text. The other way to create contrast on a page of text is to indent paragraphs. This allows a reader to know that this block of text is related and when the next block of related text starts.
             
       In a letter dated June 20, 1924 from William Green to Hearl Maxwell regarding acknowledgement of joining a local labor union, William Green wrote the letter to Hearl Maxwell on letter head. William Green was the Secretary-Treasurer of the United Mine Workers of America. The pertinent information on the letter head stands out in large font so it is quickly accessible. William Green’s information is located in the left hand corner in smaller font than the United Mine Workers of America logo as is the information in the right corner about where to send money. The letter to Mr. Maxwell has been moved down the page and the typewriter font is different than the letter head information to help set the letter to Mr. Maxwell apart from the letter head.
  
       Hagen and Golombisky say the seven principles of good design are focal point, contrast, balance, movement, rhythm, perspective, and unity, (Hagen 44). In both the educational document as well as the letter from Mr. Green to Mr. Maxwell the seven principles can be spotted. Each document has a focal point, the name of the document or the letter head that focuses on the United Mine Workers of America. Contrast is seen in the font styles chosen. Balance is seen more in the way the document has been laid out symmetrically, which is a concept seen more in more than one of Williams’ other principles as well as contrast. Movement is what draws the eye down through the document. The rhythm is seen in pattern which can be regular or irregular (Hagen 53). Perspective is seen in the set up and alignment of the pages both horizontally and vertically. And finally the unity of the documents is seen as each document compares to itself or to like documents.
  
       Williams’ concepts all work together in harmony. Contrast is just one piece to Williams’ design concept. All the pieces work closely together and are intertwined; seldom do you see just one concept by itself. While no set order is defined in the way to analyze Williams’ concepts, the next topic to look in depth on will be Repetition.