"Castles Made of Sand": Racial Ambiguity and Mid-twentieth Century American MusiciansMain MenuRacial Classification in American Culture and Law into the Twentieth CenturyMass Media in Mid-Twentieth Century AmericaRacial Ambiguity in the Age of Integrationism: Lena HorneRacial Ambiguity in the Age of Integrationism: Charles MingusRacial Ambiguity in the Age of the Popular Counterculture: Jimi HendrixRacial Ambiguity in the Age of the Popular Counterculture: Charles LloydRacial Ambiguity in the Age of the Popular Counterculture: Keith JarrettRacial Ambiguity and the Sale of Identity and ArtSam Schaefer394cfd47fa9812b1affb27b8128defe57fcac106
Axis: Bold As Love
12017-12-11T22:58:53-08:00Sam Schaefer394cfd47fa9812b1affb27b8128defe57fcac106275402The cover art of "Axis: Bold As Love," Jimi Hendrix's second album, where, after his request to be portrayed as an "Indian" because of the Native American heritage he believed he had, the English artist misunderstood him and portrayed him as an Indian from South Asia. Hendrix, when he saw the art, remarked, "I'm not that kind of Indian."plain2017-12-13T17:16:49-08:00Sam Schaefer394cfd47fa9812b1affb27b8128defe57fcac106
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12017-12-13T12:43:51-08:00Racial Ambiguity in the Age of the Popular Counterculture: Jimi Hendrix2plain2017-12-13T17:34:52-08:00Although legendary guitarist Jimi Hendrix was widely understood to be Black, early into his stardom, his racial exoticism was a major selling point for his act and music.
Hendrix grew up in a multicultural setting in Seattle, but his roots were firmly in the African-American community there. The one wrinkle in his understanding of his racial identity came from his grandmother Nora, who claimed to be Cherokee. Amateur genealogists have since cast doubt on the claim, one that was common in African-American families, but Hendrix appeared to have taken it seriously in his understanding of his own racial identity.
Hendrix got his start in music within a firmly African-American context, developing his playing on the Chitlin' Circuit, a series of Black music venues across the South. But his path to stardom came through his engagement with the white British and American urban counterculture, especially in the U.K., where he first gained widespread renown.
He displayed a similarly dismissive attitude towards racial bifurcation as Mingus. When a Dutch journalist asked him if he was Black or white, he responded, "I am Cuban, man. I am from Mars."
His first album contained a song he often dedicated in live performances to the plight of Native Americans living in poverty on reservations, "I Don't Live Today." On his second album, Axis: Bold As Love he requested that he be portrayed as an "Indian" on the cover art. The English artists, misunderstanding him, melded a painting of him and his band with a portrait of the Hindu God Vishnu.
In any case, Hendrix's supposed exoticism became a major selling point, and British press outlets sometimes referred to him as "the wild man from Borneo."
Hendrix played into this mystery, but his lyrics and public dress suggested that he identified heavily with the Cherokee heritage he believed he had. On one song on Axis: Bold As Love, "Castles Made of Sand," he used one verse to describe the life of a young Native American man whose life was tragically cut short. In addition, he often wore clothing in public meant to evoke images of Native Americans, including his famous appearance at the Woodstock Music and Arts Festival in 1969, where he wore a Native American-inspired tunic and moccasins.