Farm Workers through A Scanner Darkly (1977/2006)
Philip K. Dick’s novel A Scanner Darkly was written in the mid-1970s, at the height of the UFW’s highly visible marches and boycotts, while the author was living in a condo in Fullerton, California. There he was surrounded by Chicano neighbors, many of whom no doubt worked in the nearby agricultural fields. The migrant labor context of its origins are well represented by the cover art for the novel's first edition, which resembles a border checkpoint, complete with surveillance cameras.
Set in the “future” year 1994, the novel focuses on “Bob Arctor,” the undercover persona of a drug enforcement agent in Orange County, living with a group of other poor white men who are addicted to the mysterious “substance D” (also called “slow death” or simply “death.”) The character is increasingly split between his identities as policeman and drug addict until substance D wins out. With diminished mental capabilities and much of his memory erased by the drug, Arctor becomes a pawn in a government plot to infiltrate the massive hidden plantation where the drug is grown.
The film A Scanner Darkly (2006) was animated or “rotoscopped” on the basis of live-action footage, much of it shot in and around the agricultural fields of Orange County. Like the novel, it is framed in ways that indirectly reference agribusiness and the farm worker struggle. It begins with scenes of Arctor’s friend Charles Frick, in mid-substance-D hallucination, discovering that he is crawling in aphids, a common agricultural pest, and spaying himself with pesticides. A Scanner Darkly ends with Arctor, transformed into a sort of indentured farm worker, like a bracero, spraying pesticides on a field of substance D.
A Scanner Darkly recalls Robert Heinlein’s Farmer in the Sky in that both novels focus on white men who are reduced to the level of racialized farm workers. Arctor's new status as a farm worker is visually emphasized in the animated film version of A Scanner Darkly, which was partly filmed in the agricultural fields near Dick’s Orange County condo. It concludes with scenes of Arctor, played by mixed—race actor Keanu Reeves, wearing a pesticide spray pack and walking through a cornfield when he sees a carpet of blue flowers amid the rows of green. He stoops to examine them when he is interrupted by the farm director. In contexts where life chances are unequally distributed, and, in particular, where farm workers are disproportionately vulnerable to premature death, Heinlein and Dick both zero in on the prospect of white masculinity brought low.
But whereas Heinlein narrates his hero’s downward arc only to stage white transcendence in ways that denigrate actually existing, nonwhite farm workers who do not similarly rise, the future represented in A Scanner Darkly leaves no room for fantasies of white progress. The manager and director look at each other and then “down at the kneeling figure, the kneeling man and the Mors ontologica planted everywhere,” as if their mutual recognition of each other required looking down on the farm worker amid the visual field of death. These hierarchical relations of looking are well represented in the film version, where the image of Bob kneeling is presented in a high angle shot, as if from the standing perspective of the condescending farm director. A Scanner Darkly thus presents a devastatingly lucid representation of processes of abjection in which farm workers freeze into the “living dead” under an agribusiness gaze. In response, farm-worker activists and artists have cultivated a dereifying gaze in order to combat the deathly looking relations of agribusiness.
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