Developing the Neighborhood
This tradition of small, nearly identical row houses reached its apex with a series of developments begun in the 1920s. Over the course of a few decades, several builders, including Carl and Fred Gellert, R.F. Galli, Oliver Rousseau, and, most famously, Henry Doelger, converted the area's still vast sand dunes to a residential neighborhood with the construction of thousands of new homes. Doelger's development was by far the most massive: between the late 1920s and mid 1940s his company erected an estimated 11,000 homes in the city; from 1934 to 1941 he was the most prolific home builder in the country. Doelger houses were an early example of assembly line building on small lots, yielding affordable, well-crafted, single-family homes designed to meet Federal Housing Administration standards. Though the façades vary, borrowing traces of Spanish and American colonial, French provincial, or modernist traditions, they are united in appearance by their stucco exteriors, equal size, and a consistent layout that features bay or picture windows over the centrally-placed garage. Just as in postwar suburbia, model homes were built to solicit buyers; Doelger occasionally promoted these sites with contests, such as the 1942 contest that linked domestic consumerism with national patriotism by asking participants to visit the 'Freedom House' and submit their response to the prompt, 'I am glad to be an American because...' to win $75 in U.S. defense bonds. Moreover, such suburban resonances were not simply a matter of architectural appearance: both Doelger and the Gellert brothers' Standard Building company included racial covenants in their property deeds, resulting in a postwar population that was, like much of postwar suburbia, overwhelmingly white.