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Seeing Systems: A Conceptual Resource

Ned O'Gorman, Jessica Robinson, Paul McKean, Matt Pitchford, Mary Grace Hebert, Ned Prutzer, Sally Jackson, Jessica Landau, Jeffrey Proulx, Melissa Seifert, Natalie Lambert, Kristina Williams, Gabe Malo, elizaBeth Simpson, Fabian Prieto-Nanez, Nikki Weickum, Kevin Hamilton, Authors

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Level

Systems are characterized by level based on the similarly between the system and a living organism. Level One: Determined systems are static systems that change in deterministic ways without agency. Level Two: Reactive systems simply react to outside input in predetermined ways. Level Three: Goal-driven systems are driven by adjustable goals. Level Four: Problem-Solving systems are more responsive and use adjustable goals and changes in behavior to solve problems. In Level Five: Self-aware systems, actors are able to changes goals, as well as switch between goals or come up with new goals and projects; these systems are characterized by both problem-solving and monitoring. Finally, in Level Six: Multivocal Systems, actors have multiple selves that are relevant in different contexts that may be constructed as the need for problem-solving or monitoring arises (Poole, 58). 

However, Poole also describes system “levels” as “lower levels nested within higher ones…each lower-level component of a higher level system (subsystem) is a system in its own right” (Poole, 51). Systems then are composed of other systems. This description evokes Meadows description of "everything" (animals, humans, organizations, etc) being part of a system. 




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