Sound and Documentary in Cardiff and Miller's PandemoniumMain MenuWelcomeThe ProjectChapter 1: Pandemonium—Sensory Assault and DeprivationChapter 2: Sound Art—Narrative and NoiseChapter 3: Documentary—“Waking the Dead”Conclusions: Pandemonium, Radical Proximity, and ProtestAcknowledgmentsBibliographyAll MediaNews + UpdatesCecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:32:40-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Matrix editor view, Pandemonium score4Matrix editor view of Pandemonium score. Labels added by the author, April 2015.media/spatial sequence of pandemonium.JPGplain2015-08-12T01:06:22-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:20:04-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Eastern State Penitentiary south wall4Eastern State Penitentiary south wall and entrance seen across Fairmont Avenue. Photo by the author, August 2014.media/1_ESP south wall and entrance.JPGplain2015-08-12T00:51:40-07:0020140714145802+0000Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-12T16:09:43-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e02701830s Etching of Eastern State Penitentiary. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.41830s Etching of Eastern State Penitentiary. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/ESP 1830s Etching.jpgplain2015-08-17T00:29:10-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-15T19:28:40-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Beater striking drawers, Pandemonium. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.3Beater striking drawers, Pandemonium. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/Bureau_Beater.JPGplain2015-08-17T16:29:59-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:39:27-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Carlo Crovato assisting in workshop. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.3Carlo Crovato assisting in workshop. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/4_W_Carlos.JPGplain2015-08-17T16:28:28-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-14T20:32:14-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Eastern State Penitentiary, 1920s3Eastern State Penitentiary facade, 1920s. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/ESP Facade 1920s_sized.jpgplain2015-08-14T20:33:27-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-15T20:00:00-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Cardiff listening to Pandemonium in cellblock seven during the composition process. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.3Cardiff listening to Pandemonium in cellblock seven during the composition process. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/Cardiff listening to Pandemonium during the composition process. Courtesy Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site..JPGplain2015-08-17T16:28:39-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-12T16:08:24-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Google Map view of Eastern State Penitentiary3Google Map view of Eastern State Penitentiary, April 2015media/GoogleMaps_ESP.jpgplain2015-08-15T14:06:41-07:00Cecilia WichmannCecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:37:12-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Select Pandemonium beaters in situ3Selection of Pandemonium beaters in situ. Photos by John Woodin, 2005. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/beater selection.JPGplain2015-08-12T01:08:28-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:48:22-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Cardiff and Miller testing Pandemonium. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.3Cardiff and Miller testing Pandemonium. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/19L_George and Janet near.JPGplain2015-08-17T16:29:17-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T10:03:57-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Tresor, Berlin3Tresor techno club and record label, Berlin, founded 1991 in the vaults of a former-East Berlin department store.media/Tresor-Berlin-Germany.jpegplain2015-08-12T01:09:40-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:46:42-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Cardiff and Miller testing Pandemonium. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.3Cardiff and Miller testing Pandemonium. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/16L_Janet and George.JPGplain2015-08-17T16:29:29-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:58:01-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270A man with a rifle3media/93. Jeff Wall A man with a rifle 2000.jpgplain2015-09-30T22:33:43-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-15T20:25:41-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Le Corbusier, Philips Pavilion, Expo 1958. Photo by Wouter Hagens. WikiMedia Commons.3Site of Varèse's Poème électronique and Xenakis's Concret PH. Le Corbusier, Philips Pavilion, Expo 1958. Photo by Wouter Hagens. WikiMedia Commons.plain2015-08-17T00:22:59-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:59:10-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Overpass3media/101. Jeff Wall Overpass 2001.jpgplain2015-09-30T22:34:33-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:39:52-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Miller and Crovato in the workshop. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.2Miller and Crovato in the workshop. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/5.5_George and Carlo in the Workshop.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:40:06-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:29:59-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Cellblock seven from balcony2Cellblock seven from balcony. Photo by John Woodin, 2005. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/7_Cellblock seven (balcony view, window detail, 2005)_sized.jpgplain2015-08-12T00:48:48-07:0020050512024741+0000Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-12T16:07:30-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller2Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller. Photo by John Woodin, 2005. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/C and M composing_sized.jpgplain2015-08-12T00:57:20-07:0020050501044738+0000Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T10:03:24-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270William Harnett, The Old Violin, 18862William Harnett, The Old Violin, 1886. Oil on canvas, 38 x 23 5/8 in. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.`media/Harnett_Old Violin_1886.jpgplain2015-08-12T01:11:29-07:00A11288.jpgNational Gallery of ArtWashington, DCimage courtesy National Gallery of ArtWilliam Michael Harnett (American, 1848 - 1892 ), The Old Violin, 1886, oil on canvas, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Richard Mellon Scaife in honor of Paul MellonCecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:26:08-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Cellblock seven from ground level2Cellblock seven from ground level. Photo by the author, August 2014.media/4_Cellblock seven (ground floor view, 2014).JPGplain2015-08-12T00:49:38-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:38:53-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270MIDI and beater diagram from George Bures Miller's notebook2MIDI and beater diagram from George Bures Miller's notebook. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/19_Miller diagram of MIDI and beaters.jpgplain2015-08-12T01:06:35-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:26:29-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Cellblock seven skylight2Cellblock seven skylight. Photo by the author, August 2014.media/5_Cellblock seven (skylight, 2014).JPGplain2015-08-12T00:50:08-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:24:51-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Plan of Eastern State Penitentiary existing structures as of 19932Plan of Eastern State Penitentiary existing structures as of 1993. Marianna Thomas Architects. Labels added by the author, April 2015. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/ESP plan 1.JPGplain2015-08-12T01:07:01-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:37:54-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Control room containing MIDI system2Control room containing MIDI system. Photo by John Woodin, 2005. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/16_Control room exterior.jpgplain2015-08-12T00:50:26-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:25:36-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270John Haviland's plan for Eastern State Penitentiary as constructed2John Haviland's plan for Eastern State Penitentiary as constructed, 1837. Labels added by the author, April 2015. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/ESP plan 2.JPGplain2015-08-12T01:02:48-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T13:59:21-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Prototype for a solenoid casing2Prototype for a solenoid casing, Pandemonium.media/15_Solenoid in pre-production.JPGplain2015-08-12T01:07:14-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:38:23-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Keyboard controllers2Keyboard controllers. Photo by John Woodin, 2005. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/18_Coded keyboards.jpgplain2015-08-12T01:03:18-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:39:12-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Inventory from George Bures Miller's notebook2Inventory from George Bures Miller's notebook. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/20_Miller inventory.jpgplain2015-08-12T00:54:29-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-12T16:11:25-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Kongorikishi2Kongorikishi (also known as Ni-o) Kamakura period, Japan, early 14th century. Wood. Freer Gallery of Art.media/Kongorikishi.jpgplain2015-08-12T01:04:21-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-12T16:12:08-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Harmony in Blue and Gold: The Peacock Room2James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Harmony in Blue and Gold: The Peacock Room, 1876–77. Oil paint and gold leaf on canvas, leather, and wood. Freer Gallery of Art.media/peacock room.jpgplain2015-08-12T00:55:33-07:00Neil Greentree PhotographerPhotographerFreer Gallery of Art,SmithsonianCecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:39:40-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Layout from George Bures Miller's notebook2Layout from George Bures Miller's notebook. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/21_Miller layout.jpgplain2015-08-12T01:04:33-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-12T16:12:38-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Visitors to Eastern State Penitentiary listening to audio tour2Visitors to Eastern State Penitentiary listening to audio tour. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/ESP visitors with audio guide.jpgplain2015-08-12T01:10:25-07:0020140714113150+0000Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-12T16:07:52-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller composing Pandemonium2Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller composing Pandemonium. Photo by John Woodin, 2005. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/C and M composing 2_sized.jpgplain2015-08-12T00:57:00-07:0020050501044727+0000Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:54:13-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Masked prisoner in Eastern State Penitentiary, late 19th century2Masked prisoner in Eastern State Penitentiary, late 19th century. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/esp inmate.jpgplain2015-08-12T01:05:05-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-07-10T09:33:57-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Waveform view of Pandemonium2Waveform view of Pandemonium recording in Adobe Audition.media/waveform view pandemonium.JPGplain2015-08-12T01:11:03-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T17:19:22-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Robert Smithson, Yucatan Mirror Displacements (1-9), 19691Robert Smithson, Yucatan Mirror Displacements (1-9), 1969. 9 C-prints from 35 mm slides, 24 x 24 in. each. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.plain2015-08-16T17:19:22-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:40:31-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Richard Herrod assisting in the workshop. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Richard Herrod assisting in the workshop. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/5_W_Richard.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:40:31-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:51:36-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/23F_Janet and George.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:51:36-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-15T19:35:21-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270MIDI system and keyboards. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1MIDI system and keyboards. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/full system_sized.JPGplain2015-08-15T19:35:21-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T18:08:53-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Protests at Eastern State Penitentiary. TEMPLE ARCHIVE1Protests at Eastern State Penitentiary. TEMPLE ARCHIVEmedia/ESP Protest 1970 (sign).jpgplain2015-08-16T18:08:53-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:41:20-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Miller and Crovato preparing the system. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Miller and Crovato preparing the system. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/6_I_George and Carlos 1.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:41:20-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T18:09:25-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Protests at Eastern State Penitentiary 2. TEMPLE ARCHIVE1Protests at Eastern State Penitentiary 2. TEMPLE ARCHIVEmedia/ESP Protest 1970 (crowd).jpgplain2015-08-16T18:09:25-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:47:17-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Herrod, Cardiff, and Miller. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Herrod, Cardiff, and Miller. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/17L_Janet George Richard.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:47:17-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-15T14:38:04-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Fallout Shelter Sign1Fallout Shelter Sign Found at Eastern State Penitentiary. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Sitemedia/Fallout Shelter Sign Found at ESP.JPGplain2015-08-15T14:38:04-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T18:12:32-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Pandemonium wires in cellblock seven. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site1Pandemonium wires in cellblock seven. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Sitemedia/Wires.JPGplain2015-08-16T18:12:32-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:42:45-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Miller and Crovato in cellblock seven. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Miller and Crovato in cellblock seven. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/8_L_George and Carlos.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:42:45-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:47:50-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Crovato and Miller. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Crovato and Miller. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/18I_George and Carlos.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:47:50-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-15T14:39:32-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Fallout Supplies Barrel1Drinking Water Supply Barrel at Eastern State Penitentiary. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Sitemedia/CD Drinking Water Barrel at ESP.JPGplain2015-08-15T14:39:32-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:43:24-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Maderlechner and Miller. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Maderlechner and Miller. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/10_I_Titus and George.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:43:24-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-15T15:09:13-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Riot at Eastern State Penitentiary1Riot at Eastern State Penitentiary, 1933. PERMISSION FROM TEMPLE NEEDED. contact Temple University Libraries, Special Collections Research Center, scrc@temple.edu, 215-204-8257.media/Riot_at_Eastern_State_Penitentiary 1933.jpgplain2015-08-15T15:09:13-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T00:02:59-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Path along the National Mall. Janet Cardiff, Words Drawn in Water, 2005.1Path along the National Mall. Janet Cardiff, Words Drawn in Water, 2005.plain2015-08-16T00:02:59-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:35:15-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Solenoid prototype. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Solenoid prototype. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/3_W_Solenoid.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:35:15-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:44:08-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Tonmeister Titus Maderlechner. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Tonmeister Titus Maderlechner. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/11_I_Titus.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:44:08-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:44:42-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Miller and Cardiff fine-tuning Pandemonium. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Miller and Cardiff fine-tuning Pandemonium. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/13_L_George and Janet.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:44:42-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T19:49:23-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Visitors at Pandemonium opening events. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.1Visitors at Pandemonium opening events. Courtesy of Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site.media/21F_Crowd.JPGplain2015-08-16T19:49:23-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270
12015-08-16T16:50:58-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270Smithson Crypt, Smithsonian Castle1Smithson Crypt, Smithsonian Castle. The final resting place of the Institution's benefactor, James Smithson (1765-1829).plain2015-08-16T16:50:58-07:00Cecilia Wichmann570c894159ad998517c62537a60758b7099e0270