Navigating Digital Text, Performance, & Historical Resources
Main Menu Overview by Sujata Iyengar and Nathalie Vienne-Guerrin 'Henry V' : A Guide to Early Printed Editions by Daniel Yabut “with rough and all-unable pen…” : Source Study and Historiography in Shakespeare’s 'Henry V' by Mikaela LaFave Pistol and Monsieur Le Fer: An Anglo-French Encounter by Charlène Cruxent Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, IRCL, UMR5186 CNRS Making & Unmaking National Identity: Race & Ethnicity in Shakespeare’s 'Henry V' by Nora Galland 'Henry V' Onstage: From the Falklands War to Brexit (1986-2018) by Janice Valls-Russell The Problematic Reception of 'Henry V' in France: A Case Study by Florence March “For ’tis your thoughts that now must deck our kings”: Henry’s Popular Afterlives by Philip Gilreath “On your imaginary forces work”: How 'Henry V'’s Chorus Changes the Play Text during Olivier’s Film by Julia Koslowsky A Guide to Teaching 'Henry V' and its Sources by Hayden Benson Study Questions Key Scenes and Speeches from 'Henry V' Back Mattercruxent figure 1
1 2019-01-21T20:40:20-08:00 Julia Koslowsky 567e8011960119228860c6a7c06189d32b98838f 29603 6 Figure 1: This engraving (1587) is one in a series of seven called “The Vices”. It depicts sloth as a female figure, a snail on her hand and a donkey by her sides. (See endnote 7) plain 2019-02-09T16:09:37-08:00 Julia Koslowsky 567e8011960119228860c6a7c06189d32b98838fThis page is referenced by:
-
1
media/159060.jpg
2019-01-21T19:22:15-08:00
Meeting the Enemy: Point of Friction on the Battlefield
28
image_header
837279
2019-05-15T11:19:19-07:00
1.1 French: A Barbarous Language
1.2 Naming the Alien in Familiar Terms
1.3 A Lascivious Beast: Playing on Stereotypes1.1 French: a “Barbarous” Language
Right from the beginning of the scene, Pistol peevishly insults the French soldier: “Yield, cur!” (4.4.1). The disparaging word “cur”, which is uttered a second time (4.4.18), is but the beginning of a series of caustic remarks targeting Le Fer’s language and identity. Pistol does not understand his interlocutor’s response and repeats the last word he has heard, “qualité” (4.4.3), the sound of which brings to his mind the refrain of an Irish song, “Qualtitie calmie custure me” (4.4.4). Pistol’s non sequitur exposes his erroneous association of the French and Irish languages that are both presented as unintelligible and inarticulate for the soldier; it is as if Le Fer were not communicating in a proper way.
This idea is also conveyed through the term “cur” which, according to Nathalie Vienne-Guerrin, “is often related to the onomatopoeic verb Old Norse kurra (to murmur, grumble) and thus its primary sense seems to have been "growling or snarling beast" (OED). The French soldier is incomprehensible and is therefore associated with an animal. Because Le Fer is speaking a foreign language, his language corresponds to the Oxford English Dictionary’s definition of “barbarous” (OED, 2), which leads Pistol to define him with uncivilized and animal-like attributes (OED, 3).1.2 Naming the Alien in Familiar Terms
Unable to comprehend the French discourse, Pistol creates a new identity for the soldier, an identity he designs with what he is familiar with: the English language. Pistol misunderstands the soldier’s oath “Ô Seigneur Dieu” (4.4.6) and imposes it on Le Fer as if it were his proper name. The new name, O Seigneur Dew (4.4.7), has a semantic motivation since in early modern dictionaries the word “dew(e)” refers to “due,” that is to say, something that is owed to someone. “O Seigneur Dew” encapsulates what the French man is for Pistol: a “due” is the amount of money he will earn once he exchanges his hostage. In the same way, when the Boy finally finds out Le Fer’s name, Pistol cannot help commenting on it using an alliteration: “Master Fer? I’ll fer him, and firk him, and ferret him” (4.4.27-8). Once again, the English soldier criticizes the cacophonous sound emanating from his French counterpart’s mouth through the harsh and aesthetically unpleasant sound of the letter “f”, the latter constituting his name (Le Fer) and his nationality (French).1.3 A Lascivious Beast: Playing on Stereotypes
If Le Fer’s language is presented as nonsensical and bestial, the name Pistol coins for him is not flattering either. “Dew(e)” has an economic connotation, but it also alludes to animals, since it stands for the dewlap of an ox (“the dewe lap of a rudder beast, hanging down vnder his necke”) and a slug (“Lumaca, the dewe snaile that hath no house”).
Through the name, Pistol makes use of the animal imagery to deprecate his interlocutor. In a more direct manner, he asserts that Le Fer is a “luxurious mountain goat” (4.4.18-9), thus suggesting licentious misbehavior. Proverbially lecherous, the image of the goat associated with a human being may easily recall the figure of the satyr, a Roman god with goat-like features who would live in the wood, seizing the opportunity to assuage his concupiscence as soon as a nymph was around. In his Encyclopedia of Swearing, George Hughes states that by 1530, “France and Italy were already stereotyped in England as hotbeds of vice and promiscuity.” The word “goat” applied to this French soldier reduces the latter to a stereotype attached to French people in early modern England: lecherous animals spreading sexually transmitted infections or, in Pistol’s words, the “malady of France” (5.1.86), that is to say syphilis.
___________
7 Hendrik Goltzius, “The Vices”, c. 1587. Engraving, Height: 215 millimeters Width: 140 millimeters, The British Museum. Accessed November 20, 2018, https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1508256&partId=1&searchText=the+vices&page=1
