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East Asian Youth Cultures Spring 2015

Globalized Identities, Localized Practices, and Social Transitions

Dwayne Dixon, Author

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What Does Precarious Labor Actually Look Like?



The two videos above are presented together in order to counter the idea that all precarious labor involves factory work. This should come as no surprise as this path has already included links to how both Enjo Kosai and Gold Farming fall under the umbrella of precarious labor while maintaining important differences to the industrial precarious labor in China and Japan that conjures up archetypal images of precarious labor as sweatshops making iPhones and Nikes. Lesque is an underground skating company in Japan founded and run by local skateboarders. This example of self-employed precarious labor is explored and analyzed here.  
The video above of a skateboarder who also works in a FamilyMart is important to include in the discourse surrounding precarious labor because although the skateboarder portrayed has the freedom to skate in their own time and ultimately decide to leave the FamilyMart job if his mobile skateboarding lifestyle dictates, he is doubly implicated in precarious labor. First voluntarily through self-employment in Lesque and also involuntarily through his needs to make ends meet working as a cashier at a local convenience store.

With this in mind, the youth in East Asia who do find themselves in industrial labor are subject to extreme working conditions as a result of companies trying to maximize profits while minimizing expenses. This lifestyle over time can lead to loss of ikigai, depression, and in extreme cases - suicide. The following are quotes from workers employed in industrial labor as well as researchers of the precariat that demonstrate just the kind of conditions that these workers are subject to in the name of maximizing profit. 

“The job was pretty strenuous as we were facing 160 degrees Celsius. It was really hot. Our clothes would be all wet with sweat when working. We wore two pairs of gloves when we picked out the materials from the mold” 1

  “We’d work for 12 hours over there [at prior job], from seven in the morning to seven in the evening. Besides, you had to stay at the factory or the dormitory all day and night.” 1 

"Migrant workers are frequently required to take on workloads exceeding the legal limits of 212 working hours
 per month, including overtime” 1

Perhaps most shockingly, in 2005, 47% of workers in precarious labor did not earn enough to lift themselves and their families above the US $2 a day per person poverty line.2  


What precarious work actually looks like in East Asia also differs drastically geographically. In Japan, the creation and growth of the precariat into occupying a significant role in the market and in the global realm of labor stretches back to the 1980s. Another characteristic of precarious labor unique to Japan is that due to its recent economic history, the spike in conditions creating precarious labor were a direct result of corporations and industry cutting back on costs by turning to migrant labor and hiring a temporary workforce.

In South Korea there was a large increase in precarious labor in the 2000s and it took the form of irregular and self-employed precarious workers, mainly white collar workers and former business professionals opening up internet cafes and PC Bangs as the video game and internet market took off. 

In China, what pushed the youth into precarious labor the most were changes in policies regarding industry and a proliferation of neoliberal reforms.


1.) Hansen, Anders Sybrandt.- "Learning the knacks of actually existing capitalism: Young Beijing migrants and the problem of value." Critique of Anthropology32.4 (2012): 415-434.
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