Umberto Eco - literary criticism - 1981 - p. 70    

The Role of the Reader is a book of literary criticism that posits a distinction between “open” and “closed” texts: open texts work to actively engage their readers in the creative process, while closed texts maintain an authorial distance. Open texts draw on the reader’s linguistic and cultural knowledge, inviting multiple interpretations and dynamic reading--as opposed to the limited, ostensibly unequivocal “single” meaning of closed texts. Eco himself deviated from literary-critical tradition by examining texts of mass culture, such as Superman comics and the James Bond franchise.

Keywords: art, Europe