Angela Hubbard discusses the therapies, remedies and disciplines made available to girls who “suffer” from a “sick culture” of unattainable demands for gendered/sexualized success placed on young women. She argues that Reviving Ophelia is a salient example that locates the responsibility for change squarely on the suffering reader herself, rather than “developing a transformative critique of the social system” (Strickland 2002, 11). Skelton describes a similar process in “failed transitions” into adulthood: “young people who do not follow expected paths are blamed for their own failures” (Ibid., 109). Tomiko Yoda and Andrea Arai also trace this process in relation to “parasite singles” and neo-liberal education reform in Japan. See also Ivy (1995b) for a related analysis of therapy and “recovery” methods for adults who suffer addiction and “psychic trauma” including a “wounded inner child.”

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