This exhibit relied heavily on several collections housed in the Department of Special Collections, University of California Los Angeles, including the Western States Jewish History Archive (finding aid, click here) and the Jacob J. Singer Papers (Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library, finding aid click here). Special Thanks to Emily K. Abel, Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA, archivist Susan Yates and the City of Hope Archives, and archivist William Jacobs and the Cedars-Sinai Historical Conservancy.

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Citations:

1. Sheila Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 248; Frank Ryan, The Forgotten Plague: How the Battle Against Tuberculosis was Won and Lost (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1993), 390.

To go back to "Scientific Discovery of Streptomycin - 1946" click here.

2. Sheila Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 180, 194. 

To go back to "The Sanatorium Movement in America" click here.

3. Sheila Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 198. See also Emily K. Abel, Tuberculosis and the Politics of Exclusion: a History of Public Health and Migration to Los Angeles (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 22.

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4. The quotation comes from an issue of Land of Sunshine from October, 1894. Both the quotation and I.M. Holt’s characterization appear in Emily K. Abel, Tuberculosis and the Politics of Exclusion: a History of Public Health and Migration to Los Angeles (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 6.

5. Sheila Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 132, 146.

To go back to "Health Seekers in the West" click here.

6. Death statistic and quote from Dr. Anderson come from John E. Baur, The Health Seekers of Southern California, 1870-1900 (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1959), 161 - 163.

7. The quotation was offered by Dr. George M. Kober of Modoc County and appears in John E. Baur, The Health Seekers of Southern California, 1870-1900 (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1959), 164.

8. Both articles from B’nai B’rith Messenger appear in Emily Abel, Tuberculosis and the Politics of Exclusion: a History of Public Health and Migration to Los Angeles, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 36-37.

To go back to "Kaspare Cohn Hospital, 1902" click here.

9. The appeal appears in the B’nai B’rith Messenger, February 12th, 1909. A clipping of the appeal appears in the Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 84, Folder 5, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library. 

To go back to "Kaspare Cohn Hospital Moves to Boyle Heights, 1910" click here.

10. L. Irving Lipsitch, “How we got the money” in Special Issue of the B’nai B’rith Messenger, “Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Dedicatory Edition,” May 9th, 1930, 11.

11. Special Issue of the B’nai B’rith Messenger, “Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Dedicatory Edition,” May 9th, 1930, 3. 

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12. George Sanchez, “’What’s Good for Boyle Heights is Good for Jews’: Creating Multiculturalism on the Eastside during the 1950s,” American Quarterly vol. 56 no. 3 (2004): 633- 661. 

13. Details on the campaign appear in “Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Site Announced,” Mount Sinai Hospital Medical Staff Bulletin, December, 1963 (vol. ix no. 7) and “CAMPAIGN CABINET – Cedars-Sinai Medical Center,” Cedars of Lebanon Compass November, 1964 (vol. 7 no. 5). Both Courtesy of the Cedars-Sinai Historical Conservancy.

14. As described by Dorothy Townsend in "HEADS LIST OF DIGNITARIES: Betty Ford Dedicates Cedars-Sinai Complex," Los Angeles Times, June 7th, 1976.

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15. “Kaspare Cohn: A Los Angeles Pioneer” by Alezia Cyril (1985) as appears in the Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 5, Folder 10, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library. 

 
16. The text of the speech was reprinted in the B’nai B’rith Messenger Nov. 24th, 1916, and appears in the Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 5, Folder 10, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library.

17. City of Anaheim website, http://www.anaheim.net/article.asp?id=982.

18. Mount Sinai Year Book, 1946 ed. Jacob J. Meltz (Los Angeles: Associated Organizations of Los Angeles, 1946) p. 363.

19. Diedrichs, Gary, Always There: The Story of Steve Broidy’s Devotion to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 1980) courtesy of the Cedars-Sinai Historical Conservancy.

To go back to "Key People - Cedars of Lebanon Hospital and Mt. Sinai Home" click here.

20. Cloyd V. Gustafson “An Ecological Analysis of the Hollenbeck Area of Los Angeles,” Masters Thesis, University of Southern California, 1940. Information on rents and lot prices appears on page 104, details on Heinemann on pages 44-45.

21. See Sheila Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (New York: Basic Books, 1994), Chapter 14 “In the Shadow of the Sanatorium.”

22. Emily K. Abel notes that the Los Angeles County Department of Charities also purchased train ticket home for some who they rejected from their programs in her book Tuberculosis and the Politics of Exclusion: a History of Public Health and Migration to Los Angeles (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 35. In his book, Dispersing the Ghetto: The Relocation of Jewish Immigrants Across America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), Jack Glazier is quick to point out that purchasing train tickets back to New York was common practice among Jewish social service organizations in the early 20th century, see pp. 170-177. 

23. Bonnie Rogers makes reference to these stories in her article “The Founders: The Story of the City of Hope,” in Roots-Key, Newsletter of the Jewish Genealogical Society of Los Angeles, vol. 23, no. 3 (Summer/Fall, 2003). In it she relates the story told to her by Fannie Jaffe, one of the founders of the JCRA, who alleged that one man died alone in a chicken coop, the other on Spring Street, and a third shot himself to death to relieve the suffering of his family, see page 24. Other accounts claim there were two tuberculars that died, but echo Jaffe’s claim that they were along and homeless at the time.

24. The Preamble to the JCRA appears in an article by Dr. Leon Shulman, “The California Consumptives’ Relief Association: A Historical Sketch,” from 1913 as appears in Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 86 Folder 5, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library. The Preamble also appears in Bonnie Rogers, “The Founders: The Story of the City of Hope,” in Roots-Key, Newsletter of the Jewish Genealogical Society of Los Angeles, vol. 23, no. 3 (Summer/Fall, 2003), 26.

25. Details appeared in the B’nai B’rith Messenger, Oct. 11th, 1912. 

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26. These concerns were laid out in a letter to the editor of the B’nai B’rith Messenger that appeared in the Aug. 24th, 1917 edition, in which the author charged that the Messenger had “acted without any consideration for the Institution and far below the usual dignity of a respectable and responsible paper….” Citing two specific articles in the July 26th, 1917 issue and months of negative coverage, the author asserted that the paper had “taken facts from one side for granted, seasoned them with excess and placed yourself in such a position that cannot be called impartial.” Clippings appear in Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 86, Folder 4, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library.

27. B’nai B’rith Messenger March 14th, 1913, the comment was part of a report by Isaac Norton, President of the Hebrew Consumptive Relief Association, an organization which raised funds to support the Jewish National Consumptive Hospital in Denver.

28. Kate Levy’s appeal appeared in the B’nai B’rith Messenger Jan. 23rd, 1914, as appears in Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 86, Folder 4, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library.

29. Quotation from an article about the JCRA in the B'nai B'rith Messenger, Sept. 11th, 1914. Details regarding the meeting with Frank appear in the Souvenir Booklet from the JCRA Sanatorium’s 20th Anniversary Celebration, “The Jewish Consumptive and Expatients Relief Association Presents the Twentieth Anniversary Edition commemorating Twenty Years of Service for the Los Angeles Sanatorium and Expatients Home, February 22nd, 1934,” (Los Angeles, 1934), p. 46, as appears in the City of Hope Archives. 

30. Mendel Silverberg’s account of the incident appears in Bonnie Rogers, “The Founders: The Story of the City of Hope,” in Roots-Key, Newsletter of the Jewish Genealogical Society of Los Angeles, vol. 23, no. 3 (Summer/Fall, 2003), 28. The details Silverberg provides are supported by a 1923 account of the Sanatorium’s origins, “The Jewish Consumptives’ Relief Association of California --- Its History --- Its President” by Marion Immergluck in The Sanatorium, Nov.-Dec., 1923 as appears in Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 86, Folder 5, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library. They are also supported by Emily K. Abel, Tuberculosis and the Politics of Exclusion: a History of Public Health and Migration to Los Angeles (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 36-37.

To go back to "The Sanatorium Controversy, 1914" click here.

31. Details on the buildings come from a “Yearly Report of the Jewish Consumptives’ Relief Association – from Jan. 1st, 1922 to May 1st, 1923” that appears in the Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 86, Folder 5, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library. According to Emily Abel, the campus had 31 buildings serving 120 patients by 1926, Tuberculosis and the Politics of Exclusion: a History of Public Health and Migration to Los Angeles (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 44-45.

32. Dr. Fischel’s description of the facility comes from a “Yearly Report” from 1922-1923 titled “Sanatorium of the Jewish Consumptives Relief Association of California at Los Angeles,” that appears in the Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 86, Folder 5, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library.

33. Information on the patients, as well as Dr. Leviton’s statement, appear in “Yearly Report” from 1922-1923 titled “Sanatorium of the Jewish Consumptives Relief Association of California at Los Angeles,” that appears in the Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 86, Folder 5, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library.

34. Mrs. J. Karlin, “The Expatients Home and the Ladies Auxiliary,” appears in the Souvenir Booklet from the JCRA Sanatorium’s 20th Anniversary Celebration, “The Jewish Consumptive and Expatients Relief Association Presents the Twentieth Anniversary Edition commemorating Twenty Years of Service for the Los Angeles Sanatorium and Expatients Home, February 22nd, 1934,” (Los Angeles, 1934), p. 12, as appears in the City of Hope Archives.

35. Henry M. Silverberg, “History of the JCRA” in ed. Y.L. Malamut, Southwest Jewry vol. 1 (Sunland Publishers, 1927), p. 15. 

To go back to "The JCRA Sanatorium Becomes the City of Hope" click here.

36. Samuel H. Golter, The City of Hope (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1954), 22, 65-67.

37. Samuel H. Golter, The City of Hope (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1954), 79.

To go back to "The City of Hope - A Jewish National Medical Center, 1949" click here.

38. Details on the life of Peter Kahn come from Bonnie Rogers, “The Founders: The Story of the City of Hope,” in Roots-Key, Newsletter of the Jewish Genealogical Society of Los Angeles, vol. 23, no. 3 (Summer/Fall, 2003), p. 23; Judy Kahn Gorman, “Peter M. Kahn, 1878-1952 (Written by his Grand daughter),” (2002) accessed at http://home.earthlink.net/~nholdeneditor/PeterMKahn.htm; and ed. Joseph L. Malamut, Southwest Jewry vol. III (Los Angeles: Published by Los Angeles Jewish Institutions and Their Leaders, 1957), 30.

39. Details on Leo Blass come from Sonia R. and David B. Hoffman, “Social Action, Yiddish Culture and Zionism: Leo Blass and the Eastern European Influence,” in Roots-Key, Newsletter of the Jewish Genealogical Society of Los Angeles, vol. 23, no. 3 (Summer/Fall, 2003), 13-17; ed. Joseph L. Malamut, Southwest Jewry vol. III (Los Angeles: Published by Los Angeles Jewish Institutions and Their Leaders, 1957), 61; and “75 Yoriker Yubl, fun dem onkumen fun di ershte Yidn in Kalifornie (75 Years Jubilee of the First Jews in California)” in Zunland (Sunland), 3 (1925), 85.

40. Details on the Shapiros come from ed. Joseph L. Malamut, Southwest Jewry vol. III (Los Angeles: Published by Los Angeles Jewish Institutions and Their Leaders, 1957), 67-68; and “75 Yoriker Yubl, fun dem onkumen fun di ershte Yidn in Kalifornie (75 Years Jubilee of the First Jews in California)” in Zunland (Sunland), 3 (1925); Bonnie Rogers, “The Founders: The Story of the City of Hope,” in Roots-Key, Newsletter of the Jewish Genealogical Society of Los Angeles, vol. 23, no. 3 (Summer/Fall, 2003), 25-26. Rogers claims that Jennie was Mr. Kraus' wife and was furious when she realized that Aaron had followed them to Denver, where Mr. Kraus was seeking treatment for his tuberculosis. She claims that Jennie demanded that Aaron go to Los Angeles instead, and then only joined him there because he had secured her daughter, Rose, who also suffered front he disease, a place at the JCRA Sanatorium. In his interview with the UCLA Center for Oral History, Aaron Shapiro’s son, Paul Jarrico (nee Isidore Shapiro), recounted a different version of the story. According to Jarrico, Jennie and Rose were both Mr. Kraus’ daughters, and that Aaron fell deeply in love with Jennie while working for her father and felt himself forever indebted to Mr. Kraus’ kindness. Jarrico claims his father went west with the family to care for Jennie and her father while he sought treatment in Denver and then, after his death, they came to Los Angeles so that Jennie's sister Rose could get treatment at the Sanatorium. Rogers does not cite her sources, so I have offered Jarrico’s version of the story. See “Hollywood Blacklist: Interview of Paul Jarrico,” Center for Oral History Research, interviewed by Larry Ceplair, July 29th, 1988 – tape 1, side 1. 

41. Details on Samuel Golter’s life come from his memoir, The City of Hope (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1954).

To go back to "Key People - The Jewish Consumptive Relief Association and the City of Hope" click here.

42. All details on the epidemic come from the “Influenza Encyclopedia” produced by the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine. Accessed at http://www.influenzaarchive.org/cities/city-losangeles.html#

43. The details of the name change come from “Who is Who in sponsoring the Mount Sinai Hospital and Clinic, Annual Directory 1945” (Los Angeles: Sponsored and published by the Associated Organizations of Los Angeles, 1946), pp. 8-9, as appears in appears in the Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 84, Folder 6, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library.

To go back to "Influenza and the Bikur Cholim Society, 1920-1929" click here.

44. “Fund Drive to Begin Sept. 19th for Mt. Sinai” B’nai B’rith Messenger, Sept. 16th, 1932, as appears in the Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 84, Folder 6, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library.

45. B’nai B’rith Messenger, Dec. 16th, 1938 and “Who’s Who in sponsoring the Mount Sinai Hospital and Clinic, Annual Directory 1945” (Los Angeles: Sponsored and published by the Associated Organizations of Los Angeles, 1946), 38. Both appear in the Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 84, Folder 6, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library.

46. “Who’s Who in sponsoring the Mount Sinai Hospital and Clinic, Annual Directory 1945” (Los Angeles: Sponsored and published by the Associated Organizations of Los Angeles, 1946) as appears in the Western States Jewish History Archive, Box 84, Folder 6, UCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library.

To go back to "The Mt. Sinai Outpatient Clinic, 1941" click here.

47. Details on the life of Sarah Vasen come from two articles, Reva Clar, “First Jewish Woman Physician of Los Angeles,” Western States Jewish History Quarterly, vol. xiv no. 1 (October, 1981): 66-75, and Julie Beardsley, “Dr. Sarah Vasen: First Woman Doctor in Los Angeles, First Superintendant of Cedars-Sinai Hospital,” (2003), accessed at http://home.earthlink.net/~nholdeneditor/Sarah%Vasen.htm

48. Florence Vasen Kahn, quoted in Reva Clar, “First Jewish Woman Physician,” by Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 1 (Oct., 1981).

49. Details on Dr. Singer and his comments about his career choice appear in The Jacob J. Singer Collection, Box 1, Folder 2, UCLA Department of Special Collections, History and Special Collections for the Sciences, Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library. 

50. The procedures were detailed in an essay by Dr. Louis Sokol, “The Medical Work of Our Sanatorium,” which appears in the Souvenir Booklet from the JCRA Sanatorium’s 20th Anniversary Celebration, “The Jewish Consumptive and Expatients Relief Association Presents the Twentieth Anniversary Edition commemorating Twenty Years of Service for the Los Angeles Sanatorium and Expatients Home, February 22nd, 1934,” (Los Angeles, 1934), p. 9, 37-38, as appears in the City of Hope Archives.

51. A full list of Dr. Fischel’s publications appears in an essay by Dr. Nahum Kavinoky, “The Rise of Medical Standards at the Duarte Sanatorium,” which appears in the Souvenir Booklet from the JCRA Sanatorium’s 20th Anniversary Celebration, “The Jewish Consumptive and Expatients Relief Association Presents the Twentieth Anniversary Edition commemorating Twenty Years of Service for the Los Angeles Sanatorium and Expatients Home, February 22nd, 1934,” (Los Angeles, 1934), p. 8, 57- 58.