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The Nature of Dreams

Seth Rogoff, Author

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Ashenbach's Dream: Vessel of Primitive Desires

Critics have long identified the key juxtaposition at play in Mann’s story as the conflict between the so-called Apollonian and the Dionysian natures of humanity, which are here represented as existing within a single human being and manifest in the form of psychological struggle. The idea of the conflict between the dual natures of humankind, on one side the god of reason and form (Apollo) and on the other the god of drunkenness and formlessness (Dionysus), was taken from the late 19th century philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who outlined this basic contrast in his book The Birth of Tragedy. That Mann gets his basic inspiration for the internal conflict within Aschenbach from Nietzsche’s famous essay is clear. Compare the dream, for example, to the following description of humans’ Dionysian state: 

Either through the influence of narcotic drink, of which all primitive men and peoples speak, or through the powerful coming on of spring, which drives joyfully through all of nature, that Dionysian excitement arises. As its power increases, the subjective fades into complete forgetfulness of self. In the German Middle Ages under the same power of Dionysus constantly growing hordes waltzed from place to place, singing and dancing. In that St. John's and St. Vitus's dancing we recognize the Bacchic chorus of the Greeks once again, and its precursors in Asia Minor, right back to Babylon and the orgiastic Sacaea [a riotous Babylonian festival]…. Now is the slave a free man, now all the stiff, hostile barriers break apart, those things which necessity and arbitrary power or “saucy fashion” have established between men. Now, with the gospel of world harmony, every man feels himself not only united with his neighbour, reconciled and fused together, but also as if the veil of Maja has been ripped apart, with only scraps fluttering around before the mysterious original unity. Singing and dancing, man expresses himself as a member of a higher unity. He has forgotten how to walk and talk and is on the verge of flying up into the air as he dances. The enchantment speaks out in his gestures. Just as the animals speak and the earth gives milk and honey, so now something supernatural echoes out of him. He feels himself a god. He now moves in a lofty ecstasy, as he saw the gods move in his dream. The man is no longer an artist. He has become a work of art. The artistic power of all of nature, the rhapsodic satisfaction of the primordial unity, reveals itself here in the intoxicated performance. The finest clay, the most expensive marble—man—is here worked and chiseled, and the cry of the Eleusianian mysteries rings out to the chisel blows of the Dionysian world artist: “Do you fall down, you millions? World, do you have a sense of your creator?”

Aschenbach’s Dionysian dream, however, proves itself not in the end creative but destructive – for it decisively subordinates the Apollonian side of his self, which, as Nietzsche argues, is the foundation for the whole notion of an atomistic selfhood able to stand apart from other selves and the world. 

Yes, we could say of Apollo that the imperturbable trust in that principle and the calm sitting still of the man conscious of it attained its loftiest expression in him, and we may even designate Apollo himself as the marvelous divine image of the principium individuationis, from whose gestures and gaze all the joy and wisdom of illusion, together with its beauty, speak to us.    

Apollo, then, is the force behind a person’s individual nature, his ability to rationally approach the world, to interpret, to create form out of substance. Apollo provides the foundation for all artistic acts, which combines interpretation with creation – the molding of the world of the senses into new forms. Apollo’s domain also stretches into the world of dreams. Nietzsche writes:

The Greeks expressed this joyful necessity of the dream experience in their god Apollo, who, as god of all the plastic arts, is at the same time the god of prophecy. In accordance with the root meaning of his association with brightness, he is the god of light. He also rules over the beautiful appearance of the inner fantasy world. The higher truth, the perfection of this condition in contrast to the sketchy understanding of our daily reality, as well as the deep consciousness of a healing and helping nature in sleep and dreaming, is the symbolic analogy to the capacity to prophesy the truth, as well as to art in general, through which life is made possible and worth living. But also that delicate line which the dream image may not cross so as to work its effect pathologically (otherwise the illusion would deceive us as crude reality)—that line must not be absent from the image of Apollo, that boundary of moderation, that freedom from more ecstatic excitement, that fully calm wisdom of the god of images. His eye must be sun-like, in keeping with his origin. Even when he is angry and gazes with displeasure, the consecration of the beautiful illusion rests on him.

The key point here in relation to Mann’s story is that Aschenbach’s dream clearly does not hold that “boundary of moderation” or “freedom from more ecstatic excitement.” The implication is that for Aschenbach Apollo (the artist’s guide) has been fully banished – Dionysus reigns supreme. Accordingly, Aschenbach has lost all sense of his individualism; he is nothing more than a vessel of primitive desires. No longer a creator, an artist in the name of Apollo, Aschenbach’s dream reveals him as raw material for Dionysus’ work. This loss of volition or will foreshadows Aschenbach’s demise, for Mann, unlike Nietzsche in the Birth of Tragedy, views this loss of self, this surrender of a person’s reason to their passion, as tantamount to death. Unlike Aeneas, who moves through the underworld guided by Apollo’s sibyl, Aschenbach feels himself lost in a psychic underworld with no chance for escape.   


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