Bibliography and Further Reading
Primary Sources
Below are citations for the primary source documents that are featured on each page of the Timeline. The majority of the materials are held by the Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives in Evanston, Illinois. The collection is open for research; please contact the archives for research requests by filling out this form. For information on how to cite this exhibit or an exhibit page, please visit the credits.Frances Willard and the "Race Problem"
- “The Race Problem: Miss Willard on the Political Puzzle of the South.” The New York Voice, Oct. 23, 1890.
Frances Harper and Black Women in the WCTU
- Harper, Frances. "Work Among the Colored People of the North." The Union Signal, May 28, 1885.
Ida B. Wells, Temperance, and "Race Progress"
- Wells, Ida B. "Symposium--Temperance." AME Church Review 7, no. 4 (April 1891). Courtesy of the Ohio History Connection.
Ida B. Wells and "Lynch-Law"
- Wells, Ida B. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. The New York Age Print, 1892. Full text available courtesy Project Gutenberg.
The WCTU and Lynching, 1893
- Duster, Alfreda, ed. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
- Minutes of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union at the Twentieth Annual Meeting. Chicago: Woman's Temperance Publishing Association, 1893.
Ida B. Wells Abroad
- Wells, Ida B. "Ida B. Wells Abroad: Speaking in Liverpool Against Lynchers of Negros." Chicago Inter-Ocean, April 9, 1984. Digitized copy via the University of Chicago Library, Ida B. Wells Papers, 1884-1976.
- Wells, Ida B. "Ida B. Wells Abroad: In the Midst of the Modern Babylon--London." Chicago Inter-Ocean, June 4, 1894. In Scrapbook 13, Frances Willard Journals and Scrapbooks Collection, Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives.
- Duster, Alfreda, ed. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
Willard and Somerset Respond
- "An Unwise Advocate." The Union Signal, June 21, 1894.
- Wells, Ida B. "Lady Somerset's Interview with Miss Willard." The Westminster Gazette. Reprinted in Alfreda Duster, ed. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
Other Responses
- Hood, Helen L. "Miss Hood's Protest: A Letter in Reply to Miss Ida B. Wells. Chicago Inter-Ocean, June 23, 1894. In Scrapbook 13, Frances Willard Journals and Scrapbooks Collection, Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives.
- "Hot After Miss Willard: Anti-Lynching League Asks the Lady to Explain Some Remarks on the Negro." Chicago Daily News, July 2, 1894. In Scrapbook 13, Frances Willard Journals and Scrapbooks Collection, Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives.
Lynching, the "Color Line," and the WCTU Convention, 1894
- Minutes of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union at the Twenty-First Annual Meeting. Chicago: Woman's Temperance Publishing Association, 1895.
- Susan Fessenden to Florence Balgarnie, March 1, 1895. Reprinted in "The Lynching Question and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union: An Interview With Miss Florence Balgarnie." Fraternity, London, 1895. In Scrapbook 13, Frances Willard Journals and Scrapbooks Collection, Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives.
- "In Their True Light: The Outrages Perpetrated Upon Southern Negroes." Source not noted. In Scrapbook 13, Frances Willard Journals and Scrapbooks Collection, Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives.
Pressure Mounts
- "Frances, A Temporizer." Cleveland Gazette, Nov. 12, 1894. Courtesy of the Ohio History Connection.
- Douglass, Frederick. "Why is the Negro Lynched?" Bridgwater: J. Whitby and Sons, 1895. Courtesy Library of Congress and HathiTrust.
- "The Position of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Relation to the Colored People." Boston, Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1895. In Scrapbook 13, Frances Willard Journals and Scrapbooks Collection, Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives.
The WCTU and Lynching, 1895
- Wells-Barnett, Ida B. The Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States, 1895. Full text available courtesy Project Gutenberg.
- Frances Willard to state WCTU leaders, July 3, 1895. In Scrapbook 13, Frances Willard Journals and Scrapbooks Collection, Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives.
- Minutes of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union at the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting. Chicago: Woman's Temperance Publishing Association, 1896.
- Willard, Frances. "The Lynching Question." Fraternity, Oct.1, 1895. In Scrapbook 13, Frances Willard Journals and Scrapbooks Collection, Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives.
Postscript: Ida B. Wells
- Duster, Alfreda, ed. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
Postscript: Frances Harper and Black Women in the WCTU
- Harper, Frances. "An Appeal to My Countrywomen." In Robbins, Hollis, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. The Portable Nineteenth Century African-American Women Writers. New York: Penguin Books, 2017.
Postscript: Frances Willard
- Minutes of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union: 1897-1898. Chicago: Woman's Temperance Publishing Association, 1898.
Secondary Sources
In addition to the unpublished primary sources, and the many published autobiographical and biographical sources on both Willard and Wells, here are some of the additional resources we have found most illuminating for this work:Blight, David. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (2001).
Dudden, Faye. Fighting Chance: The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America (2011).
Feimster, Crystal. Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching (2009)
Giddings, Paula. Ida: A Sword Among Lions (2008).
Giddings, Paula. When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (1984).
Green, Elna. Southern Strategies: Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question (1997).
Materson, Lisa. For the Freedom of Her Race: Black Women and Electoral Politics in Illinois, 1877-1932 (2009).
Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn. African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920 (1998).
Ware, Vron. Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism, and History (1992).