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Digital History Seminar: 20th Century Spain

Spanish refugee at Argelès-sur-Mer

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Contents of this tag:
2. Asistencia social: pro inválidos
3. Tragedy of Civil War (1937)
4. Ajut als mutilats de guerra
5. Messerschmitt BF 109B1
6. Bombardement Guernica - Cinémathèque de Bretagne
7. Madge Addy March 2nd, 1939 Letters In another one of her letters from March 1939 she would describe their need for certain donations from the Spanish Medical Aid Committee. In one she specifically talks about how they had received 600 men that were wounded and most needed clothing. Because of the supplies sent by the Committee they were not in such a dire need for supplies that they would have been in previously had they not received the supplies. In another section of her letter from March 2nd, 1939 she describes a surgery for a man who was suffering from hemorrhages in his stomach. The doctor had to perform a three hour long surgery due to the fact that this was one of the first times that the doctor had attempted this kind of surgery and lack of better materials. The only had three needles available for the operation. The problem occured when three quarters of the way through the surgery the spinal anesthetic wore off because it was “rotten.” The result of this was that the doctor had to finish the surgery while he was awake. Later on she mentions that she hopes he will recover and that the odd tins of milk and soups they received would help his exhaustion and shock sustained after the surgery. Addy speaks very fondly of those that she was able to help during her time in Spain. She feels better knowing that the people whose lives she impacted will never forget their English nurse.
9. Obrero! Trabaja Y Venceremos
10. Repatriation of Basque Children
11. ¡MUJER...! Tu felicidad conyugal está en tus manos.
12. Bolchevismo, injusticia social, politicastros, masones, separatismo, F.A.I.
13. Bombing of Ares del Maestrat
15. Revista Vientos del Pozo: número extraordinario homenaje al Padre Llanos
16. Que Tu Familia No Viva el Drama de la Guerra: Evacuar Madrid es Ayudar a la Victoria Final
20. Ruins of Belchite The ruins of the town of Belchite mark the location of a brutal battle in which Nationalist forces were defeated by the Republic in 1937. Franco declared the site to be memorialized, while also allowing a new Belchite to be built by Republican prisoner labor. Allowing the town to stand in ruins as a memorial where his forces had been defeated could have been a tactic to compare a Republican victory with scenes of destruction and loss.
22. Congreso nacional de la solidaridad, 1938- Ana Pauker
24. Guernica The bombing of Guernica (26 April 1937) was an aerial bombing of the Basque town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. It was carried out, at the behest of Francisco Franco's nationalist government, by its allies, the Nazi German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria, under the code name Operation Rügen. The town was being used as a communications center behind the frontline. The operation opened the way to Franco's capture of Bilbao and his victory in northern Spain.
25. Monument in Tortosa
27. Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen
28. Pro-conferencia nacional de la dona jove
29. Repatriation Committee pt 1
30. Letter from Juan F. de Cardenas
31. Battle of Brunete
32. One Hundred Years of Solitude
33. Bombing of Benassai
34. February 1939 - Spain - Barcelona - Associated Press of Great Britain Ltd
35. Hermann Göring
37. Spanish Republican News
39. Battle of Jarama The Battle of Jarama (February 6–27, 1937) was an attempt by General Francisco Franco's Nationalists to dislodge the Republican lines along the river Jarama, just east of Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War. Elite Spanish Legionnaires and Moroccan Regulares from the Army of Africa forced back the Republican Army of the Centre, including the International Brigades, but after days of fierce fighting no breakthrough was achieved. Republican counterattacks along the captured ground likewise failed, resulting in heavy casualties to both sides.
40. Madrid Food Line
43. Felicia Browne's Anti-Fascism poster for Italy.
44. Battle of Madrid The Siege of Madrid was a two and a half year siege of the Spanish capital city of Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. The city, besieged from October 1936, eventually fell to the Francoist armies on 28 March 1939. Madrid was held by various forces loyal to the Spanish Republic and was besieged and subject to aerial bombardment by the rebel faction under General Francisco Franco. The Battle of Madrid in November 1936 saw the most intense fighting in and around the city when the Nationalists made their most determined attempt to take the Republican capital.
45. Bombing of La Garriga
47. Albocàsser
48. Battle of Santander
49. Episode 16- Food Scarcity and Women's Daily Lives in the Early Franco Years Audio Podcast by Historias on SoundCloud discussing the Franco Dictatorship. Immediately following the Spanish Civil War, Spain faced a terrible food crisis. Suzanne Dunai examines how the policies of the early Franco dictatorship brought on this crisis and how ordinary Spaniards, particularly women, dealt with it on a day-to-day basis. From ration cards to bartering, from canning to buying on the black market, Spanish women showed a remarkable resilience as they sought to feed their families in this time of devastating scarcity.
53. Hugo Sperrle
54. Arroyo del Abroñigal
55. Madge Addy March 14th, 1939 Page 1 On March 14th, 1939 Addy talks about how she almost had to leave due to an order from England to return. Addy describes how depressed the idea of leaving would have made her. She had worked very hard and would have felt terrible to leave at that time. She had to pack her things and gave most of what she could away to those who still needed it. Fortunately she was able to stay and explain through rare telecommunication that she would feel much better in Ucles. Her duty to the hospital and to Ucles kept her from wanting to be anywhere else. Many people were overjoyed that she could remain with them. At the end of the letter she describes how Juan, the man who had to undergo the horrible surgery mentioned previously, was doing much better.
56. Battle of Badajoz
57. Troops loading aircraft for Spain
59. Walter Warlimont Photo of Walter Warilmont. Between August and November 1936, following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Warlimont served as the Reich War Minister Wehrmacht Plenipotentiary Delegate to the government of Spanish General Francisco Franco in Spain. Reich War Minister Werner von Blomberg directed Warlimont to coordinate German aid in support of Franco's battle against the Spanish government forces.
60. Evacuación
61. Homecoming of the Legion Condor
62. Women! Keep War From Britain: Support Spanish Democrats
63. C.N.T. Comité Nacional A.I.T., Oficina de Información y Propaganda
65. El Generalisimo Francisco Franco Todavía esta Muerto
66. Pro monumento Pablo Iglesias
69. Memorial in Rues
72. Battle of Ebro The Battle of the Ebro (Spanish: Batalla del Ebro, Catalan: Batalla de l'Ebre) was the longest and largest battle of the Spanish Civil War. It took place between July and November 1938, with fighting mainly concentrated in two areas on the lower course of the Ebro River, the Terra Alta comarca of Catalonia, and the Auts area close to Fayón (Faió) in the lower Matarranya, Eastern Lower Aragon. These sparsely populated areas saw the largest array of armies in the war. The results of the battle were disastrous for the Second Spanish Republic, with tens of thousands of dead and wounded and little effect on the advance of the Nationalists.
73. Hacia El Ejercito Popular
74. Bombing of Durango The Bombing of Durango took place on 31 March 1937, during the Spanish Civil War. On 31 March 1937 the Nationalists started their offensive against the Republican held province of Biscay. As part of the offensive the Aviazione Legionaria and the Legion Condor bombed Durango, a town of 10,000 inhabitants that was also a key road and railway junction behind the frontline. Around 250 people are believed to have died in the bombing.
75. Experimento Stuka- Trailer Oficial
77. Franco Statue Removal
78. Evacuad Madrid
81. The Ultraleftist / El Izquierdista
82. Children's Drawing of Bombing
83. Bombing of Jaén
84. Monument in Gandesa
86. Felicia Browne holding a child
88. Vilar de Canes
89. Women, Work for Comrades!
91. Francisco Franco's Funeral
92. Mujeres Antifacistas Espanioles
93. Franco (1930-1939)
96. Book Jacket created by Felicia Browne for Anatole France's "The Revolt of the Angels."
97. Madge Addy Featured in the Daily Worker
99. ¡Esto es el fascismo! miseria... destrucción... persecución... y muerte
100. January 1937 - Spain - Madrid - Associated Press of Great Britain Ltd.
101. María Pilar Landa
103. Frederica Montseny speaking at CNT in 1977
104. Repatriation of Basque Children
105. Sketch of Men's faces from 1936.
106. Monument in Portbou
107. Madge Addy March 14th, 1939 Page 2 These are the last paragraphs of Addy’s letter from March 14th, 1939. She talks again about how she hopes the people she has helped will never forget their English nurse. When thinking about her time in Spain she feels she has accomplished so much and saved many lives. She has made her doctor’s actions effective with her hard work. Even the villagers who she describes as a bad lot now respect her and talk to her sometimes.
110. Battle of Teruel
112. Photo of Four People in Front of Supplies or Medical Van Including Felicia Browne
113. Ruins of Belchite
115. Poema 17
116. The Habana arrives at Southampton
117. Letter from Felicia Browne
118. Heart of Humanity Camp
121. Battle of Bilbao Bilbao was the capital of the autonomous Basque area established by the Republic after the war began. The Battle of Bilbao was part of the War in the North, during the Spanish Civil War where the Nationalist Army captured the city of Bilbao and the remaining parts of the Basque Country still held by the Republic. By 11 June 1937 the Basque forces had fallen back to the city of Bilbao, which was defended by a series of rushed fortifications called the "Bilbao's Iron Ring." The Iron Ring was poorly designed for defense.
122. Bombing of Barcelona
124. Evelyn Hutchins leaning against her truck.
125. Hermann Goering
126. Federació de Cooperatives de Producció Treball de Catalunya
128. Monument in Banyoles
130. Monument in Vegueria de Girona
131. Repatriation Committee pt 1
132. Monument in Valls This monument was commissioned to pay tribute to those nationalists who had given their lives during the war. As with the monument in Cambrils, it was announced as a holiday event. Balconies were to be adorned with the national flag with black ribbons tied to them and service members were to be in uniform. Such shows of force served the double role of projecting unity among the victors and reminding Loyalists of the new status quo.
133. Political Prisors Freed After Amnesty
136. Criminales!
137. In England Still
139. Monument in Viladecans
140. Franco Equestrian Statue
141. Monument in Cambrils
142. Basque Children pt 1
143. Monument in Tarragona
144. Help the Children of Spain
146. Monument in Terrassa This monument was erected to mark the five year anniversary since the take over of the town of Terrassa by the Nationalists. Like many others, it is in memory to those who died for that cause. However, this monument also feature two soldiers. One of them is a common soldier as would have been present in Franco's army. The other is a knight from the era in which Spain was involved in the Reconquista. The intent of the monument is to equate the two types of warrior while also equating the Spanish Civil War as a "holy" conflict against a corrupting force, as was the case among crusading knights some centuries earlier when they fought the Moors.
152. Basque Children pt 2
153. Monument at Prat de Comte This is yet another monument commemorating the losses and actions of the 4th Division of Navarra. The division had been instrumental in the fighting leading up to the Battle of the Ebro, in which they suffered heavy casualties while fighting for the Nationalist army. The amount of monuments to this unit paints them as heroes to the cause, while also ignoring the losses of those they fought against.
154. Carteles Murales
155. Spanish Civil War - 1936 (1936)
158. La marina de guerra inglesa y francesa protegen la evacuación de la población no combatiente.
161. Monument in Fatarella
162. January 1940 - England - Middlesex
164. North Stoneham Camp in Eastleigh
165. Ochandiano
166. ITALIAN INVASION OF ETHIOPIA 1935
167. Aid for Spain
168. Speakers' notes. No. 29 : International Women's Day, March 8
169. The Pyrenees Mountain Range in France The Pyrenees (Les Pyrénées) is one of the seven great mountain ranges of France. They mark the division between France and Spain and stretch from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean coasts in the south of France, with tiny Andorra lying in the middle of the mountains. The range is 430 km (270 miles) long with its widest point of 129 km (80 miles). The highest point is Aneto Peak at 3,404 meters (11,169 ft) in the Maladeta (‘Accursed’) central Pyrenees massif, while there are many other peaks over 3,000 meters (8,842 ft).
173. Spanish Republican News
174. Repatriation Committee pt 2
175. Hogar Español newsletter, 1944
176. Traces of the bombing of Durango
180. Por la conquista de Euskadi y sus riquezas, el invasor siembra el terror haciendo qur sus pacíficos habitants abandonen sus hogares.
181. Sisters of Mercy Arrive to Help Feed Hungry Residents of Madrid
182. Repatriation Committee pt 3
184. Fighting Our Battle This is a news article that was written by a Spanish author in 1938. Throughout this article it is talking about how the Spanish people had been fighting for their own freedoms for the last few years. Not only did it talk about the Spanish people fighting for their freedoms it also talked about how they were receiving no support from the allies. However, Franko's rebellion was receiving support from Germany and Italy to aid overthrow the democracy government of the Spanish people.
190. Children's Drawing, Spanish Civil War
191. Fascist Salute
192. Monument in Arenys de Mar
193. Repatriation Committee pt 4
195. Kion vi feras por eviti tion? Geesperantistoj el la tuta mondo agu energie kontrau la internacia fasismo!
196. Escaping to France
199. Monument in Girona
200. North Stoneham Camp
202. Siege of the Alcázar The Siege of the Alcázar was a highly symbolic Nationalist victory in Toledo in the opening stages of the Spanish Civil War. The Alcázar of Toledo was held by a variety of military forces in favor of the Nationalist uprising. Militias of the parties in the Popular Front began their siege on July 21, 1936. The siege ended on September 27 with the arrival of the Army of Africa under Francisco Franco.
204. The Republican Left Thank the Russian People for Help (1937)

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Spanish Refugees in France
Background
The international community was numb after the end of World War Two. Never before had such death and destruction been prevalent on this Earth. While the world was busing picking up the pieces while still trying to wrap it's head around how and why the Holocaust occurred, the international community nearly overlooked the biggest refugee crisis of the twentieth century It was convenient to forget about the one fascist dictator in Spain that escaped justice, and the consequences of his rise to power. During the Spanish Civil War over 500,000 Spaniards became refugees, with the majority fleeing to France. Some 20,000 were able to make it to America and others joined the French Resistance.[1]The first of the international community that had to handle the refugees was Spain's neighbor to the East, France. beginning in 1936 and peaking in 1939, hundreds of thousands Spanish refugees fled to France. The French government to hastily make room for the Spaniards and set up camps all along the French border. The conditions in the camps were awful and the French did not treat the refugees has guests, but as suspected communists and potential threats to France. As refugees began to pour in the French had to hastily set up more and more refugee camps while at the same time detaining Spainards they believed to be the most “dangerous” The main refugee camps in Spain was Argelès-sur- Mer, St. Cyprien, Barcarès, Toulouse, Le Vernet and Château Royal de Collioure.Unfortunately for most of the refugees, most were not able to escape the violence. After the Nazis conquered France, 30,000 former Republicans were sent back to Germany to either forced labor camps or to concentration camps, however most of the French interment camps were simply converted to concentration camps because the French had already done the Nazi's job by placing all of there enemies in one place.[2]

Camp Life
The French did not treat the Spanish refugees as displaced peoples, but as communist invaders. At this time anti-Communist sentiment was high in France, due the rise of a popular front government in France. Once French newspaper displayed the headline "Will the Army of the Riot Reorganize in France?" By all accounts the French wanted the Spaniards back in Spain. The French would routinely pass out propaganda to the refugees that attempted to convince them that going back to Spain would be a viable solution. Louis Stein who authored Beyond Death and Exile: The Spanish Republicans in France, 1939-1955 compared the treatment of the refugees to that of cattle by writing “The refugees were being given equal treatment with the livestock they had brought with them — that is to say, left to fend for themselves most of the time.”
The French were unprepared for mass influx of refugees and provisons in most camps constied of one loaf of bread that had to be split between five people.The French was like an abusive stepparent to the refugees, using violence and intimidation in an attempt to get them to flee back to Spain.According to Spanish historian David Wingeate Pike, the Spaniards were treated worse than prisoners of war, and that they were treated like criminals. The camps on the beach consisted of barbed wire and open beach with no shelter to be found from the wind and extreme temperature changes. Antonio de la Fuente y Ferraz who was nine when he arrived at France with his family. For the next four years he had been to seven different interment camps. Antonio summed up the experience of most Spanish refugees by saying, "We were cold and hungry, and above all, we were scared" The camps were a humanitarian disaster, disease ran rapid and the Spaniards could not even suffer along with there family, as men, women, and children were separated at the border. The suffering for the Spaniards were only beginning because in June of 1940, the Germans began their occupation of France. During the German occupation many Spaniards chose to join the French resistance, and those that survived the German occupation still had a long road away.[3]